PSY2012 Exam 2
A study referred to in your text showed that a softball will appear _____ when you are hitting well.
Bigger
Convergence is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?
Binocular
Depth perception is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?
Binocular
Retinal disparity is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?
Binocular
Cues to distance that we can only receive from two eyes
Binocular cues
Oleg has always been fearless, a trait that could signal a(n) _____ influence on drug vulnerability.
Biological
What kind of influence is genetic tendencies, and dopamine reward circuit?
Biological
Activity in spinal cords large and small fibers, genetic difference in endorphin production, the brain's interpretation of CNS activity.
Biological influence
____________ is the biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences in one?
Biopsychosocial
_____ processing is the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.
Dual
Without fail, when you are talking to your best friend about something important, she continues to check her smart phone and watch for people she knows. Her behavior is evidence of _____.
Dual processing
The presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact
Dualism
Nearby objects seen more clearly, lens focuses image distant objects in front of retina
Nearsightedness
What are three examples of barbiturates?
Nembutal, seconal, amytal.
Perception of motion is produced by a succession of still images
Phi phenomenon
The sense of touch
Tactile
Affects the frontal cortex, your motor skills, judgment, and memory. Increases aggressiveness while reducing self awareness.
Alcohol
Depression, memory loss, organ damage, and impaired reactions is the adverse effect of?
Alcohol
Initial high followed by relaxation and disinhibition is the pleasurable effect of?
Alcohol
What are three depressants?
Alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
Augustus has chronic back pain and has started taking powerful medication to alleviate this pain. His doctor told him to take one pill every four hours, which seemed to manage the pain at first. Now, Augustus finds that he needs to take a(n) _____ dose of medication to relieve the pain.
Larger
What is the decibel of a jet plane at 500 feet?
110
Circadian rhythm comes the latin ____________ ___________.
"Circa" (about) & "diem" (day)
What is the decibel of the threshold of hearing?
0
According to Webers law what is tone frequency?
0.3%
What is the decibel of a subway train at 20 feet?
100
What is the decibel of loud thunder?
120
What is the decibel of a rock band?
140
Your roommate fell asleep about 25 minutes ago. Now, you need to awaken him so that you both can get to a party on time. He is sleep talking about his girlfriend's cat. When you begin laughing, he wakes up. He was in the NREM-_____ stage of sleep.
2
According to Webers law what is weight?
2%
What is the decibel of whispers?
20
What is the decibel of a typical room?
40
What is the decibel of a normal conversation?
60
How many hours is supposed for you to be high (euphoria and energy) on methamphetamine?
8
According to Webers law what is light intensity?
8%
What is the decibel of a busy street corner?
80
A neutral facial expression may be perceived as sadder at a funeral than at a circus. This best illustrates: A. a context effect. B. the Ponzo illusion. C. visual capture. D. interposition.
A
According to the _________________, the retina has three types of color receptors. Each of these types is sensitive to one of three colors: red, green, or blue. A. Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory B. opponent-process theory C. signal detection theory D. color constancy theory
A
Alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates calm neural activity and slow body functions. They belong to this category of psychoactive drugs: A. depressants. B. hallucinogens. C. antidepressants. D. stimulants.
A
Both _______________ and _______________ indicate how our experiences help us to construct perception. A. perceptual set; context B. convergence; perceptual constancy C. the phi phenomenon; size-distance relationships D. monocular cues; sensations
A
Dr. Brooks has a client who suffers from substance abuse. In therapy, she suggests that his abusive home environment, limited sense of life purpose, and deficient dopamine reward circuits might account for his abuse. Dr. Brooks is most clearly using a(n) _______________ approach to understanding addictive behaviors. A. biopsychosocial B. activation-synthesis C. parallel processing D. social influence theory
A
Drivers detect traffic signals more slowly if they are also conversing on a cell phone. This best illustrates the impact of: A. selective attention. B. consciousness C. narcolepsy. D. cocktail party effect
A
Even though it is completely dark outside and you are inside your house, you know that the color of your car as well as the size of it hasn't changed. This is an example of: A. perceptual constancy. B. the linear perspective. C. binocular cues. D. the phi phenomenon.
A
In a brain surgery that went wrong, Matthew lost a portion of his visual cortex and has blindness in part of his field of vision. This condition is known as: A. blindsight. B. blind processing. C. nearsightedness. D. feature detection
A
In terms of vision, _____________ is the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field. A. perceptual adaptation B. perceptual set C. lightness constancy D. critical deprivation
A
Information processing is guided by higher-level mental processes such as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. This process is called: A. top-down processing. B. bottom-up processing. C. psychophysics. D. signal detection.
A
Jasper stays up very late most Saturday nights. He finds Monday mornings very difficult because he often sleeps until noon on Sunday and has trouble going to sleep at a reasonable time on Sunday night. What advice would you give him to help him with his Monday morning problem? A. Jasper should try to maintain the same bedtime throughout the week. B. Jasper should stay up later on Sunday nights. C. Jasper should sit in front of a bright light before bedtime. D. Jasper should sleep later on Sunday mornings.
A
Jay is 48 years old. He recently had his sight restored after 45 years of blindness. He could associate people with their distinct features (e.g., hair color), but could not recognize their faces. He was also not good at judging the size of objects as their distance from him changed. His case suggests that: A. vision is partly an acquired sense. B. there is NO critical period for normal visual development. C. vision can be restored completely, even if a person was blind from an early age. D. normal development of vision does not involve experience or learning.
A
Kittens, monkeys, and humans who experience sensory deprivation early in life end up with permanent damage to visual their functioning. This finding suggests that: A. there IS a critical period for normal sensory and perceptual development. B. neural organization is not related to sensory experiences. C. sensory deprivation in adulthood results in damage to visual functioning. D. there is NOT a critical period for normal sensory and perceptual development.
A
Lou is worried that he will become addicted to the drug he has been taking to relieve his pain and anxiety. He is most likely taking a(n): A. opiate. B. barbiturate. C. tranquilizer. D. stimulant.
A
Multiple ____________ send combined messages to a bipolar cell, whereas a single ____________ may link directly to a single bipolar cell. A. rods; cone B. hair cells; basilar membrane C. cones; rod D. basilar membranes; hair cel
A
Once John learned of Sara's abusive past, he began to perceive her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective rather than rude. This best illustrates the impact of: A. perceptual set. B. the phi phenomenon. C. visual capture. D. interposition.
A
Our tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups is known as: A. grouping. B. convergence. C. interposition. D. stroboscopic movement.
A
Ralph underwent radical eye surgery and had to wear an eye patch for four months straight. How will this sensory deprivation affect his vision? A. His vision will be unaffected by this sensory deprivation. B. His vision will be disturbed, and he won't be able to discriminate shapes. C. His vision will be partially affected by this sensory deprivation. D. His vision will be disturbed, and he won't be able to discriminate colors.
A
Relative luminance most clearly contributes to: A. lightness constancy. B. change blindness. C. the phi phenomenon. D. the Moon illusion
A
Roger went to see his doctor with complaints of erectile dysfunction (ED). His doctor has him participate in a sleep disorder study to determine the cause of his ED. The cause of his ED was determined to be psychological. Why? A. because Roger had a morning erection B. because Roger has hypersomnia C. because Roger slept through the night D. because Roger has insomnia
A
Sensory adaptation can be defined as: A. diminished sensitivity as a result of repeated stimulation. B. the relationship between the intensity of a physical stimulus, such as noise, and the psychological effect of the stimulus. C. the perception of stimuli below conscious awareness. D. the unconscious activation of associations that are linked with memories.
A
Susan asked her roommate to lower the radio as she was trying to study. Her roommate had turned the radio up originally from a volume level of 14 to 15 which was just enough for Susan to detect. She turned it back down to 14 after Susan asked her to lower it. This is probably the result of: A. the difference threshold. B. absolute threshold. C. prosopagnosia. D. sensory adaptation.
A
The minute you walk into your mother-in-law's house to visit, you are struck by the strong smell of her perfume. However, after about 10 minutes, you no longer notice the smell. This is probably the result of: A. sensory adaptation. B. absolute threshold. C. prosopagnosia. D. signal detection.
A
The ring of muscle tissue that controls the pupil's size is called the: A. iris. B. fovea. C. lens. D. cornea.
A
When people look at a photograph of an adult-child pair and are told that the two individuals are parent and child, the people tend to say the pair looks more alike than people who are told the pair is unrelated. This is most likely due to: A. perceptual sets. B. misattribution bias. C. precognition. D. perceptual adaptation.
A
____________ suggest(s) that hypnosis is an extension both of normal principles of social influence and of everyday dissociations between our conscious awareness and our autonomic behaviors. A. Kihlstrom and McConkey B. Orne and Evans C. Freud D. Aserinsky
A
_____________ refers to the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensations. A. Perception B. Sensation C. Psychophysics D. Absolute threshold
A
When you quit a drug completely
Absenence only
Studying the impact of boredom and fatigue on people's _____ thresholds would involve research based on signal detection theory.
Absolute
Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus; usually defined as the stimulus needed for detection 50% of the time.
Absolute threshold
Change in shape of lens, focus near objects
Acommodation
The sharpness of vision
Acuity
After some practice, Carol was able to read books while holding them upside down. This best illustrates perceptual _____.
Adaptation
A craving for a chemical substance, despite its adverse consequences.
Addiction
When someone knows a drug is bad, but they do it anyways. What is that a sign of?
Addiction
After turning out the light for the night, you lie down on your bed and close your eyes. Gradually, your muscles relax and drowsiness occurs. This drowsy yet wakeful state is associated with _____ brain waves.
Alpha
Designed to demonstrate the size-distance. Shaped as a trapezoid.
Ames room
"gate" is _____ by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.
Closed
Fills in gaps
Closure
Membership in _____ increases the consumption of alcohol by college students.
Fraternaties
The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
Frequency
After hearing that Bryce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to perceive his genuinely friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This best illustrates the impact of: A. visual capture. B. perceptual set. C. the phi phenomenon. D. interposition.
B
In terms of our sensory experience of light, wavelength is to ______________ as wave intensity is to ______________. A. transduction; brightness B. hue; brightness C. accommodation; retina D. ultraviolet rays; gamma rays
B
Nellie, a 25-year-old accountant, often goes out with co-workers after work to relax. Nellie sometimes drinks to alleviate her _____ and depression. This behavior is a warning sign of alcoholism.
Anxiety
The "biological clock" can be altered by ______?
Artificial light
The sense of hearing
Audition
A researcher is interested in studying hypnosis, but she only wants to include people with high hypnotic ability. She should choose study participants who: A. are under the age of 40. B. have rich fantasy lives. C. do NOT have strong imaginations. D. are NOT married.
B
A. It assumes the direction of causality. But, perhaps teenagers who are using drugs select friends who also use drugs. A. It does not factor in the socioeconomic status of the teenagers. B. C. It does not address issues concerning gender differences. D. Drug use is rampant in our society.
B
A. Sleep aids in the restoration and repair of brain tissue. A. The pituitary gland releases growth hormones while we are sleeping. B. All of these theories represent good reasons for children to get more sleep. C. Our memories of the day, including things learned in school, are restored while we sleep.
B
American, British, and Australian courts generally ban testimony from witnesses who have been hypnotized, because the procedure often results in: A. narcolepsy. B. pseudomemories. C. parallel processing. D. hallucinations.
B
Drug prevention and treatment programs should emphasize which of the following? A. training youth in refusal skills B. All of these things should be emphasized in drug prevention and treatment programs. C. ways to increase self-esteem and help people find a purpose in life D. education concerning the long-term cost of a drug as compared to its short-term pleasures
B
Emotions produce opposing emotions, which tend to linger after the original emotion disappears. With that in mind, which of the following patterns can explain both tolerance and withdrawal? A. Less of the drug is needed for the desired effect, which causes withdrawal symptoms. B. More of the drug is needed for the desired effect, which causes a worsening of aftereffects in the absence of the drug. C. Less of the drug is needed for the desired effect, causing aftereffects to increase. There is a corresponding decrease of aftereffects in the absence of the drug. D. More of the drug is needed for the desired effect, which causes decreased aftereffects.
B
Evidence suggests that heredity influences some aspects of alcohol abuse problems. Which of the following findings supports this theory? A. Having a fraternal twin who suffers from alcoholism is a greater risk factor than having an identical twin who suffers from alcoholism. B. Having an identical twin who suffers from alcoholism is a greater risk factor than having a fraternal twin who suffers from alcoholism. C. An adopted child is less susceptible to alcoholism if both biological parents have a problem with alcoholism. D. An adopted child is more susceptible to alcoholism if his adoptive parents have a problem with alcoholism.
B
Experiencing sudden pain is to _____________ as recognizing that you are suffering a heart attack is to _____________. A. absolute threshold; difference threshold B. sensation; perception C. kinesthesia; accommodation D. gate-control theory; Weber's law
B
In a double-blind procedure, one group of men is given a beverage containing alcohol and a second group is given a similar-tasting beverage that contains no alcohol. In each group, half the men are told they are drinking an alcoholic beverage and half are told their beverage is nonalcoholic. All the men then view erotic movies. After watching the erotic material, research indicates that: A. all of the men will feel the same amount of guilt. B. the men who thought they were drinking alcohol will feel LESS guilty than those who did NOT think they were drinking alcohol, regardless of the true content of the beverage. C. the men who did NOT drink alcohol will NOT feel guilty, regardless of whether they thought they were drinking alcohol. D. the men who drank the alcohol will feel guilty, regardless of whether they thought they were drinking alcohol.
B
Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal are sometimes prescribed to induce sleep and reduce anxiety. They belong to this class of medications: A. opiates. B. barbiturates. C. antidepressants. D. alcohol
B
Research on hypnosis has found no evidence for claims related to: A. hypnagogic sensations. B. age regression. C. REM rebound. D. circadian rhythms.
B
Selective attention is best illustrated by which of the following? A. cocktail party effect B. All of these things illustrate selective attention. C. inattentional blindness D. change blindness
B
The ability to accurately perceive distances most clearly underlies our capacity for: A. extrasensory perception. B. size constancy. C. perceptual adaptation. D. closure.
B
The need for a drug to relieve negative emotions is known as: A. physical dependence. B. psychological dependence. C. medical dependence. D. social dependence.
B
The perception of vivid geometric images and dreamlike scenes is most likely to be triggered by: A. amphetamines. B. LSD. C. heroin. D. Nembutal.
B
The physiological function theory provides a physiological explanation for: A. narcolepsy. B. dreaming. C. sleep apnea. D. hypnosis.
B
Twenty-five-year-old Nellie is an accountant who often goes out with coworkers after work to relax. Which of the following is a warning sign of alcoholism? A. She does NOT feel guilty after drinking. B. She sometimes drinks to alleviate anxiety and depression. C. After a long night of drinking, she always feels great about the night before. D. She often wants to see her family when she is drinking.
B
Which of the following psychoactive drugs produces a quick and very powerful rush of euphoria? A. barbiturates B. cocaine C. alcohol D. marijuana
B
___________ is the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular sensory stimulus (e.g., light, sound, pressure, taste) 50 percent of the time. A. Psychophysics B. Absolute threshold C. Prosopagnosia D. Priming effect
B
______________ is the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them. A. Perceptive psychophysics B. Psychophysics C. Signal detection theory D. Top-down processing
B
Drugs that depress the activity of the CNS, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.
Barbiturates
Point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a ______ because there are no receptor cells located there
Blind spot
A psychoactive drug crosses through the ___________________. that membrane usually stops large molecules from getting to the brain, but the molecules from this drug are so small that they can get through.
Blood brain barrier
Analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
Bottom-up processing
Sensory analysis starts with the sensory receptors and works up to the integration of sensory information in the _____. This process is called bottom-up processing.
Brain
We have a blind spot in our field of vision, but we ordinarily don't perceive it. The reason for this is because the _____ "fills in" the missing visual information.
Brain
A person who responds successfully to a hypnotic suggestion that he NOT react to the smell of ammonia held under his nose is likely to be the type of person who: A. is NOT likely to get absorbed in imaginary events in books or movies. B. finds it difficult to focus on activities and tasks. C. is frequently engaged in imaginative activities. D. finds it hard to become riveted by movies.
C
According to the Gestalt psychologists, we tend to group together figures that are similar to each other. This is called the principle of: A. proximity. B. continuity. C. similarity. D. connectedness.
C
According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Red-green color blindness is caused by the absence of the red-green opponent pair. B. Cones are sensitive to all colors in the visible spectrum. C. Blue and yellow receptors cannot be stimulated simultaneously; if one is activated, the other is inhibited. D. Red and yellow receptors cannot be stimulated simultaneously; if one is activated, the other is inhibited.
C
Advocates of the social influence theory of hypnosis would suggest that: A. very few people are responsive to hypnotic suggestions. B. hypnotized subjects have a hidden observer. C. hypnotized subjects are people caught up in playing the role of hypnotic subject for the hypnotist. D. easily hypnotized individuals have difficulty focusing attention on their own thoughts and feelings.
C
Gary was born with cataracts in both eyes. At 6 months, the cataracts were surgically removed. What will happen to his vision? A. His vision will be partially affected. B. His vision will be disturbed, and he won't be able to discriminate shapes. C. His vision will be unaffected by this sensory deprivation. D. His vision will be disturbed, and he won't be able to discriminate colors.
C
Jane has asthma. She wants to find a way to control her asthma without always relying on her rescue inhaler. She visits a hypnotherapist and within a month is less reliant on her inhaler because of the: A. hypnotic suggestions. B. prehypnotic suggestions. C. posthypnotic suggestions. D. parahypnotic suggestions.
C
Perceptual sets are the result of ______________, which we form to organize and interpret unfamiliar information. A. conceptions B. sensations C. schemas D. monocular clues
C
The experience of physical pain following discontinued use of a psychoactive drug best illustrates: A. REM rebound. B. dissociation. C. withdrawal. D. narcolepsy.
C
The need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued, is known as: A. medical dependence. B. psychological dependence. C. physical dependence. D. social dependence.
C
The size of the difference threshold is greater for heavier objects than for lighter ones. This best illustrates: A. the volley principle. B. sensory interaction. C. Weber's law. D. the opponent-process theory.
C
The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina is called the: A. cornea. B. iris. C. lens. D. pupil.
C
The way in which you quickly group the individual letters in this test item into separate words best illustrates the principle of: A. convergence. B. interposition. C. proximity. D. closure.
C
Without fail, when you are talking to your best friend about something important, she continues to check her PDA and watch for people she knows. Nevertheless, she seems able to listen attentively and respond appropriately to what you are saying. This type of behavior is evidence of: A. age regression. B. REM rebound. C. parallel processing. D. social influence theory.
C
You bought four display cases at $5.00 each for your collectible cars two weeks ago. You decide you want to buy four more. You see that the price went up to $6.00 each, a 20% increase in two weeks. This best illustrates: A. parallel processing. B. accommodation. C. Weber's law. D. sensory adaptation.
C
Pain can be controlled by a number of therapies including...
Drugs, surgery, acupuncture, exercise, hypnosis, distraction
Is the response for pain.
C-fibers
Anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia in high doses; uncomfortable withdrawal is the adverse effect of?
Caffeine
Increased alertness and wakefulness is the pleasurable effect of?
Caffeine
Yukio, a long-time coffee drinker, complains of pounding headaches and lowered mood when he skips his coffee in the morning. He has _____ withdrawal.
Caffeine
What increases heart and breathing rates and other autonomic functions to provide energy?
Caffeine and nicotine
What are some examples of stimulants?
Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, ecstasy, amphetamines, methamphetamines
Form of inattentional blindness in which 2/3 of individuals giving directions failed to notice a change in the individual giving the directions.
Change blindess
Occur on a 24-hour cycle and include sleep and wakefulness.
Circadian rhythm
After cataract surgery, blind adults were able to regain sight. These individuals could differentiate figure and ground relationships, yet they had difficulty distinguishing between a ____ and a ____.
Circle, triangle
Perception of remote events, such as sensing a friend's house on fire
Clairvoyance
Cardiovascular stress, suspiciousness, depressive crash is the adverse effect of?
Cocaine
Induces immediate euphoria followed by a crash. A form of this can be smoked, other forms can be sniffed or injected.
Cocaine
Rush of euphoria, confidence, energy is the pleasurable effect of?
Cocaine
The psychoactive drug _____ produces a quick, powerful rush of euphoria.
Cocaine
Valerie was rushed to the emergency room because she had convulsions and went into cardiac arrest after trying _____.
Cocaine
What is a stimulant and a depressant at the same time?
Cocaine
Genetic disorder which people are blind to green or red colors.
Color blindnes
Color of an object remains the same under different illuminations
Color constancy
Daylight or well-lit conditions
Cones
Near center of retina
Cones
Spots, lines, and areas are seen as unit when connected
Connectedness
Our awareness of ourselves and the environment.
Consciousness
A neutral facial expression may be perceived as sadder at a funeral than at a circus. This best illustrates a(n) _____ effect.
Context
Perceive continuous patterns
Continuity
Another word for cross-eyed
Convergence
Neuromuscular cues. When two eyes move inward (toward the nose) to see near objects and outward (away from nose) to see faraway objects.
Convergence
What is the type of cocaine that can be smoked?
Crack
As the body is flooded by an artificial opiate, like heroin, the brain stops producing its own natural opiates called: A. serotonin. B. dopamine. C. amphetamines. D. endorphins.
D
Augustus has chronic back pain and has started taking powerful pain medication to alleviate the pain. His doctor told him to take one pill every four hours, which seemed to manage the pain at first. Now, Augustus finds that he needs to take two pills at a time to relieve the pain. Why? A. Tolerance has increased due to his continued use of the pain medication. B. Repeated exposure to the drug has reduced its effect. C. He is experiencing neuroadaptation. D. All of these things contribute to his need for a larger dose of medication to relieve his pain.
D
Dr. Kahn studies the relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli (e.g., intensity) and the psychological experience of them. This field is known as: A. psychokinetics. B. information processing. C. sensory adaptation. D. psychophysics.
D
Gestalt psychologists were fond of saying that in perception: A. the whole may reduce the sum of its parts. B. the whole may delete the sum of its parts. C. the whole may minimize the sum of its parts. D. the whole may exceed the sum of its parts.
D
If you move your watchband up your wrist an inch or so, you will feel it for only a few moments. This best illustrates: A. parallel processing. B. Weber's law. C. accommodation. D. sensory adaptation.
D
Of the following teenage girls, which do you think might be most at risk for drug abuse? A. a 15-year-old girl who occasionally overeats B. a 15-year-old Amish girl from an impoverished family C. a 15-year-old girl with divorced parents D. a 15-year-old girl who has a history of physical abuse and depression
D
Researchers have found that hypnotically refreshed memories combine: A. fact with fresh ideas. B. false memories with the fiction. C. truth with facts. D. fact with fiction.
D
Researchers used goggles to restrict kittens' vision for several months. Once the goggles were removed, the kittens: A. could detect the colors of circles and squares. B. could distinguish only between circles and squares. C. had damage to their retinas. D. could distinguish only color and brightness.
D
Studies have demonstrated that people's ability to catch a faint signal diminishes after about ___ minutes. A. in a dark environment. B. in a quiet environment. C. in a loud environment. D. between any two stimuli 50 percent of the time.
D
The FBI is considering a new identification method. Instead of using old-fashioned fingerprints, they have decided to scan which part of eye to confirm people's identity? A. the cornea B. the lens C. the retina D. the iris
D
The ____________ is the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye. A. lens B. retina C. iris D. blind spot
D
This drug is both a stimulant and a mild hallucinogen that can destroy serotonin-producing neurons with repeated use. A. cocaine B. LSD C. heroin D. ecstasy
D
This sleep disorder is characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified. This disorder occurs during Stage 4 sleep within two to three hours of falling asleep. A. narcolepsy B. insomnia C. sleep apnea D. night terrors
D
Twenty-five-year-old Nellie is an accountant who often goes out with coworkers after work to relax. Which of the following is a warning sign of alcoholism? A. After a long night of drinking, she always feels great about the night before. B. She often wants to see her family when she is drinking. C. She does NOT feel guilty after drinking. D. She sometimes drinks to alleviate anxiety and depression.
D
When you arrived at the gym Tuesday morning, you noticed the musty odor of the showers in the locker room. As you finished changing, you did not notice the smell. This is probably the result of: A. absolute threshold. B. signal detection. C. prosopagnosia. D. sensory adaptation.
D
You invite a group of people to your house for a wine tasting event, but you have not figured out how people will get home afterwards. According to research, you should be concerned about this because: A. alcohol focuses people's attention on future consequences. B. social facilitation theory predicts the people who have been drinking together will likely continue drinking after the event. C. wine has greater alcohol content than does beer or liquor. D. as blood-alcohol level rises, people have decreased concerns about drinking and driving.
D
__________ suggestions have helped alleviate headaches, asthma, and stress-related skin disorders. A. Parahypnotic B. Prehypnotic C. Hypnotic D. Posthypnotic
D
Arnaldo invites a group of people to his home for a beer-tasting party, but he does not think about how people will get home afterward. According to research, he should be concerned about this because as their blood-alcohol level rises, people have _____ reaction times, which can cause poor driving.
Decreased (slower)
One of Cissy's friends claims to have a shopping addiction and another reports being addicted to Internet games. What is a potential danger of considering these types of excessive behaviors to be addictions?
Defining these types of behaviors as illnesses might cause individuals to claim they are not responsible for their behaviors
__________: Absence of a drug may lead to a feeling of physical pain, intense craving, (____________), and negative emotions (_________).
Dependence, physical dependence, psychological dependence.
What type is alcohol?
Depressant
What type is heroin?
Depressant
Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
Depressants
What are the three groups of psychoactive drugs?
Depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens
Railroad tracks appear to converge in the distance. This provides a cue for_____ perception known as linear perspective.
Depth
Ability to see objects in three dimensions
Depth perception
Allows us to judge distance
Depth perception
Minimum difference between two stimuli that a subject can detect 50% of the time
Difference threshold
You volunteered to participate in a taste test for a new soup. The testers are interested as to when subjects will notice a reduction in salt in the soup. You taste several bowls of soup and notice that the last bowl has less salt than the others. Your detection of the difference in salt content is an example of detecting the _____.
Difference threshold
What happens when the repeated use of a drug, the drug's effect lessens. Thus it takes greater quantities to get the desired effect.
Diminished effect
Hypnosis is a special state of dissociated (divided) consciousness. (Hilgard)
Divided consciousness theory
A stimulant and a mild hallucinogen. Produces a euphoric high and can damage serotonin-producing neurons, which results in a permanent deflation of mood and impairment of memory.
Ecstasy
Dehydration, overheating, and depressed mood, cognitive, and immune functioning is the adverse effect of?
Ecstasy
While on _______ you get highly dehydrated, overheated, and it can lead to death.
Ecstasy
What is the pleasurable effect of ecstasy?
Emotional elevation, disinhibition
What does opiates give off and what do they do?
Euphoria, and reduces pain
Detection in the signal detection theory depends partly on the person's?
Experience, expectations, motivation, level of fatigue
Controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input
Extrasensory perception
ESP stands for?
Extrasensory perception
The retina's central focal point is the _____, which contains only cones, no rods.
Fovea
Faraway objects seen more clearly, lens focuses near objects behind retina.
Farsightedness
Neurons in the visual cortex respond to specific features
Feature detectors
Organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings
Figure and ground
The emotional effects of MDMA (Ecstasy), such as mood elevation and connectedness with others, seem to result from the fact that it:
Floods the brain with serotonin
Center of retina
Fovea
Hypnosis disinhibits our ____________.
Frontal cortex
Melzak and Wall proposed that our spinal cord contains neurological "gates" that either block pain or allow it to be sensed.
Gate-control theory
An organized whole. Tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.
Gestalt
The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
Grouping
Psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
Hallucinogens
Typically for alcohol, used to regulate your use. Isn't usually for hard drugs, it doesn't always work.
Harm reduction
Monte was born with cataracts. He had surgery when he was 30 years old, which restored his sight. After his surgery:
He could not recognize things by sight that were familiar to touch
What was the ultimate result of Stratton's experiment on perceptual adaptation?
He was eventually able to perform most daily tasks.
Research suggests that having an identical twin who suffers from alcoholism is a greater risk factor than having a fraternal twin who suffers from alcoholism. This evidence suggests that _____ influences some aspects of alcohol abuse.
Heredity
Depressed physiology, agonizing withdrawal is the adverse effect of?
Heroin
Rush of euphoria, relief from pain is the pleasurable effect of?
Heroin
You walk into a darkened room; the black structure in the center of your eye seems to enlarge causing the center of your eye to appear dark. This response is caused by the action of the part of the eye called the:
Iris
Sleeping too much
Hypersomnia
Nina goes to bed at her regular time, and as she begins to drift slowly off to sleep, she suddenly jerks because she feels as if she is falling down the stairs. This is best explained by a(n) _____ sensation.
Hypnagogic
A social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.
Hypnosis
_____ is an altered state of consciousness or psychological state of altered attention in which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions.
Hypnosis
Related to subjects openness to suggestion. ability to focus attention inwardly. ability to become imaginatively absorbed.
Hypnotic suggestibility
In line at the supermarket, Chaz notices a report about a recent alien abduction. He reads the article and learns that the person claims to have realized she was abducted after undergoing hypnosis. Chaz knows that people who believe in alien abduction are highly _____.
Hypnotizable
In a now classic study by Simons and Chabris (1999), participants watched two teams pass a basketball to their teammates. One team was wearing white shirts and the other team was wearing black shirts. Participants were told to count how many times the team wearing the white shirts passed the basketball, thereby directing participants' attention to the white shirts and causing them to ignore the black shirts. Interestingly, more than half of the participants failed to notice when a man wearing a black gorilla suit walked right past the two teams. This phenomenon is known as _____.
Inattentional blindness
Ulric Neisser, Robert Becklen, & Daniel Cervone demonstrated this ______________.
Inattentional blindness
While intently watching a live basketball game, Josie did not realize that a bird had landed on the empty seat next to her. Her not noticing the bird can be explained by:
Inattentional blindness
A ring of muscle that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
Iris
Dr. Williams is researching the function of dreams in memory retention. He believes that dreams help people to sort out the day's events and consolidate their memories. Dr. Williams is probably a proponent of the _____ theory of dreams.
Informationprocessing
Inability to fall asleep
Insomnia
Name four sleep disorders:
Insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea.
Eye color
Iris
The FBI is considering a new identification method. Instead of using old-fashioned fingerprints, they have decided to scan the _____.
Iris
Close object blocks distant object
Interposition
Objects that occlude other objects tend to be perceived as closer
Interposition
Pedro recognized that his son was closer to him than his daughter because his son partially obstructed his view of his daughter. Pedro's perception was most clearly influenced by a depth cue known as:
Interpostition
What is another name for a difference threshold?
Just noticeable difference (JND)
The sense of our body parts position and movement is?
Kinesthesis
Powerful hallucinogenic drug that is also known as acid.
LSD
What the dream means
Latent content
Transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina
Lens
Nearby objects reflect more light into our eyes than more distant objects. Given two identical objects, the dimmer one appears to be farther away.
Light and shadow
Parallel lines converge with distance
Linear perspective
Because we have two ears, sounds that reach one ear faster than the other ear cause us to _____ ___ _______.
Localize the sound
Storyline of dreams
Manifest content
Emotional elevation, disinhibition is the pleasurable effect of?
Marijuana
Impaired learning and memory, increased risk of psychological disorders, lung damage from smoke is the adverse effect of?
Marijuana
The major active ingredient in _____ is called THC.
Marijuana
To relieve pain and nausea associated with diseases such as AIDS and cancer is medical uses of?
Marijuana
Top-down processing makes ______ of our senses.
Meaning
Euphoria, alertness, energy is the pleasurable effect of?
Methamphetamine
Highly addictive drug that stimulates the CNS.
Methamphetamine
Irritability, insomnia, hypertension, seizures is the adverse effect of?
Methamphetamine
_______ releases dopamine, which stimulates brain cells that enhance energy and mood.
Methamphetamine
What is type of marijuana?
Mild hallucinogen
The more scientific view of the near death experiences.
Monism
The presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing.
Monism
Interposition is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?
Monocular
Light and shadow is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?
Monocular
Linear perspective is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?
Monocular
Relative brightness is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?
Monocular
Relative clarity is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?
Monocular
Relative height is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?
Monocular
Relative motion is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?
Monocular
Relative size is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?
Monocular
Cues to distance that we can receive with just one eye
Monocular eyes
Which pattern explains both tolerance and withdrawal?
More of the drug is needed for the desired effect, which causes a worsening of aftereffects in the absence of the drug
Objects traveling towards us grow in size and those moving away shrink in size. The same is true when the observer moves to or from an object.
Motion perception
Overpowering urge to fall asleep
Narcolepsy
Arousal and relaxation, sense of well-being is the pleasurable effect of?
Nicotine
Craving, insomnia, anxiety, irritability, and distractibility are signs of __________ withdrawal.
Nicotine
Heart disease, cancer (from tars) is the adverse effect of?
Nicotine
Arousal from sleep with intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions during stage 4 sleep.
Night terrors
Name sleep disorders common in children:
Night terrors, sleepwalking, sleep talking
Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events?
No
Can hypnosis force people against their will?
No
When you're used to something
Novel stimuli
Can anyone be hypnotised?
Only if you are open
"gate" is ______ by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers
Opened
Opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. They are highly addictive. Occur naturally.
Opiates
Nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
Optic nerve
____ tells the body that something has gone wrong.
Pain
Simultaneous processing of several dimensions through multiple pathways
Parallel processing
The study of paranormal phenomena
Parapsychology
A process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
Perception
Top-down processing is related to _________.
Perception
Both _____ set and context indicate how our experiences help us to construct perception
Perceptual
(vision) ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field
Perceptual adaptation
Perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal image (color, shape, size, lightness)
Perceptual constancy
Phyllis is doing a handstand in her yoga class. When she looks at the clock she can still tell that the time is 10 o'clock. This is thanks to:
Perceptual constancy
What is the muller lyer illusion an example of?
Perceptual organization
Based upon experiences
Perceptual set
Once John learned of Sara's abusive past, he began to perceive her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective rather than rude. This best illustrates the impact of:
Perceptual set
A tones highness or lowness, depends on frequency
Pitch
Reggie has asthma. He wants to find a way to control his asthma without always relying on his rescue inhaler. He visits a hypnotherapist and within a month is less reliant on his inhaler because of the _____ suggestions.
Posthypnotic
Supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis. induced by the hypnotist's suggestion.
Posthypnotic amnesia
Professor Dominquez teaches an introductory psychology class attended by 400 students. One day just before she is ready to start her lecture she immediately notices one of her students wearing a clown suit. Professor Dominquez's immediate detection of this student is called _____.
Pop out
Where do opioids come from?
Poppy plants
Perceiving future events, such as a political leader's death.
Precognition
The sense of touch is a mix of four distinct skin senses; what are they?
Pressure, warmth, cold, pain
Bottom-up processing is to top-down processing as _____ is to _____
Processing sensations; interpreting sensations
Group nearby figures together
Proximity
What are the grouping principles?
Proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, connectedness
A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood
Psychoactive drug
Chemicals that change perceptions and moods through their actions at the neural synapses are referred to as:
Psychoactive drugs
When a person can move an object with their mind.
Psychokinesis
Lack of a sense of purpose, significant stress, and depression are examples of the _____ influences that can lead to substance abuse.
Psychological
What kind of influence is lacking sense of purpose, significant stress, and depression?
Psychological
Attention to pain, learning based on experience, expectation of pain relief
Psychological influence
Adjustable opening in the center of the eye
Pupil
Allows light into the eye
Pupil
Closer objects appear brighter
Relative brightness
Because light from distant objects passes through more light than closer objects, we perceive hazy objects to be farther away than those object appear sharp and clear.
Relative clarity
Smaller objects seem more distant
Relative heigvht
Objects closer to a fixation point move faster and in opposing direction to those objects that are farther away from a fixation point, moving slower and in the same direction.
Relative motion
Smaller object is more distant, closer is bigger.
Relative size
Inner surface of eye, light sensitive, contains rods and cones, layers of neurons, beginning of visual information processing
Retina
A famous Hollywood director has decided to present his latest film in 3-D. This will create a great movie-going experience for viewers as 3-D movies exaggerate:
Retinal disparity
Images from the two eyes differ; closer the object, that larger the disparity.
Retinal disparity
Peripheral retina, detect black white and gray, twilight or low light
Rods
Sensation and perception happen at the _____.
Same time
When subjects look at a picture of the moon's surface, some of them report seeing a human face. This is due to the development of _____.
Schemas
Our conscious awareness processes only a small part of what we have experienced.
Selective attention
The fact that drivers detect traffic signals more slowly if they are also conversing on a cell phone illustrates the impact of _____.
Selective attention
A process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energy
Sensation
Bottom-up processing is related to _______.
Sensation
Rules for organizing _____ into coherent groups were first identified by Gestalt psychologists.
Sensations
Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
Sensory adaptation
The minute you walk into your mother-in-law's house to visit, you are struck by the strong smell of her perfume. However, after about 10 minutes, you no longer notice the smell. This is probably the result of:
Sensory adaptation
When one sense affects another sense, _________________ takes place. So, the taste of strawberry interacts with its smell and its texture on the tongue to produce flavor.
Sensory interaction
Our _________ and _________ processes work together to help us sort out complex processes.
Sensory, perceptual
What do feature detectors respond to?
Shape, angle, movement
Latent and manifest content comes from whom?
Sigmund Freud
Assumes there is no single absolute threshold
Signal detection theory
Predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise)
Signal detection theory
Group figures that are similar
Similarity
Failure to breath while you sleep
Sleep apnea
Runs in families during sleep
Sleep talking
Stage 4 disorder; usually harmless; not recalled the next morning.
Sleepwalking
The brain region for ______ is closely connected with the brain regions involved with memory. That is why strong memories are made through the sense of this sort.
Smell
Hypnotic subjects may simply be imaginative actors playing a social role.
Social influence theory
What kind of influence is urban environment, belonging to a drug-using cultural group, and peers influences?
Social-cultural
Presence of others, empathy for others' pain, cultural expectations
Social-cultural influence
Why do people smoke?
Socially rewarding, genetics
What is the type of caffeine?
Stimulant
What is the type of cocaine?
Stimulant
What is the type of methamphetamine?
Stimulant
What is the type of nicotine?
Stimulant
What is the type of ecstasy?
Stimulant; mild hallucinogen
Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
Stimulants
_____ occurs below our absolute threshold for conscious awareness.
Subliminal stimulation
When stimuli are BELOW one's absolute threshold for CONSCIOUS awareness.
Subliminal threshold
What are the taste receptors?
Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami
Major active ingredient in marijuana that triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.
THC
Mind-to-mind communication. One person sending thoughts and the other receiving them.
Telepathy
Jasmine was in a serious car accident and is having trouble recognizing familiar faces. She most likely suffered damage to her _____ lobe, just behind her right ear.
Temporal
As a lawyer who practices in the United States, Ronald believes that his client will beat assault charges because the accuser's claim is based on a recollection gathered during hypnosis. Ronald knows that:
The court will most likely ban this testimony
Dennis, a nurse, notes that some parents of asthmatic children respond to very small changes in their children's breathing, and seek care accordingly. However, other parents do not notice the same small changes. This type of difference in reaction to stimuli is best explained by:
The signal detection theory
Why do most teens begin smoking?
Their friends smoke
As drug users experience neuroadaptation, they demonstrate signs of _____.
Tolerance
Continued use of a psychoactive drug produces what?
Tolerance
Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes; as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
Top-down processing
Interpreting new sensory information within the framework of a past memory illustrates:
Top-down processing
Adults who were blind from birth but who gained sight after surgery were NOT able to recognize objects by sight that were familiar by _____.
Touch
Conversion from one form of energy to another
Transduction
In sensation, transformation of stimulus energies into neural impulses
Transduction
Adesha's mother suffers from frequent panic attacks. The doctor has prescribed Nembutal, a depressant that reduces anxiety and induces relaxation. Nembutal is classified as a(n) _____.
Trazquilizer
Color blindness supports what?
Trichromatic theory
At age 53, Ralph underwent radical eye surgery and had to wear an eye patch for four months straight. His vision will be _____ by this sensory restriction.
Unaffected
What controls balance?
Vestibular sense
______________ monitors the head and body's position.
Vestibular sense
Tendency for vision to dominate the other senses
Visual capture
Radio waves, X-rays, infrared rays, gamma rays and ultraviolet waves are all forms of electromagnetic energy that differ in terms of their _____.
Wavelength
The distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next
Wavelength
To perceive a difference between two stimuli, they must differ by a constant proportion
Webers law
Which teenager is at greatest risk for drug use?
Whose friend uses drugs
Upon stopping the use of a drug, users may experience the undesirable effects of what?
Withdrawal
_____ and _____ have the best sense of smell.
Women, young adults
Can hypnosis alleviate pain?
Yes. Lamaze can do that too.
Can hypnosis be therapeutic?
Yes. Self-suggestion can heal too.
