PSY316 Ch. 4 Review

B

A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that a. Weak signals can cause activation b. It takes a strong signal to cause activation c. All signals cause activation d. No signals cause activation

D

According to Treisman's "attenuation model", which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people? a. The word "money" b. Their child's first name c. The word "phone" d. The word "platypus"

C

According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the __________ stage. a. Feature analysis b. Focused attention c. Preattentive d. Letter analysis

C

According to the filter model of attention, which of the following messages would likely be identified by the filter? a. All messages selected by the filter b. All messages within earshot c. A message with an unfamiliar accent d. All sensory messages

C

Automatic processing occurs when a. Cognitive resources are high b. Response times are long c. Tasks are well-practiced d. Attention is focused

A

Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because a. The filter eliminates unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information b. The filtering step occurs before the information enters the sensory store c. Only a select set of environmental information enters the system d. Incoming information is selected by the detector

C

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, he found that people a. Could focus on a message only if they are repeating it b. Could focus on a message only if they rehearsed it c. Could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time d. Could not focus on a message presented to only one ear

B

Dichotic listening occurs when a. The same message is presented to the left and right ears b. Different messages are presented to the left and right ears c. A message is presented to one ear, and a masking noise is presented to the other ear d. Participants are asked to listen to a message and look at a visual stimulus, both at the same time

A

During a visit to the museum, you appreciate the beauty of the paintings on the wall. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individuals, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location is because of a process called __________. a. Contiguity b. Proximity c. Accommodation d. Binding

C

If you are folding towels that have just come out of the laundry while watching TV, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the process of folding the towels. This sort of familiar task that does not require much of your attention would be an example of a(n) __________ task. a. Attenuated b. High-load c. Low-load d. Filtered

A

Illusory conjunctions are a. Combinations of features from different stimuli b. Misidentified objects using the context of the scene c. Combinations of features from the masking field and the stimuli d. Features that are consistent across different stimuli

A

In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames", divided attention was easier a. Once processing had become automatic b. When processing was done verbally c. When verbal processing was prohibited by the experimenters d. When processing was more controlled

C

In Simons and Chabris' "change blindness" experiment, participants watch a film of people playing basketball. Many participants failed to report that a woman carrying an umbrella walked through because the a. Woman with the umbrella was in motion, just like the players b. The umbrella was the same color as the floor c. Participants were counting the number of ball passes d. Participants were not asked if they saw anything unusual

B

In a dichotic listening experiment, ___________ refers to the procedure that is used to force participants to pay attention to a specific message in one ear among competing messages in the other ear. a. Rehearsing b. Shadowing c. Echoing d. Delayed repeating

D

In support of late selection models, McKay showed that the presentation of a biasing word on the unattended ear influenced participants' processing of __________ when they were __________ of that word. a. Letter pairs; aware b. Letter pairs; unaware c. Ambiguous sentences; aware d. Ambiguous sentences; unaware

B

In the filter model of attention, the stages of information processing occur in which order? a. Detector, filter, sensory store, STM b. Sensory store, filter, detector, STM c. Filter, detector, sensory store, STM d. Detector, sensory store, filter, STM

B

Posner and coworkers deduced which of the following from their research? a. The enhancing effect of attention spreads throughout an object b. Attention is always divided across two or more tasks simultaneously c. People can move their attention from one place to another d. Attention affects an entire object, even if it is occluded by other objects

A

Results of precueing experiments show that participants respond more rapidly to a stimulus that appeared at the ___________ location. a. Fixated b. Cued c. Rightmost d. Topmost

C

Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention of one of her daughters, though both girls are talking. According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of a. Physical characteristics b. Language c. Meaning d. Direction

C

The "filtering model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on a. Meaning b. Modality c. Physical characteristics d. Higher order characteristics

A

The Stroop effect demonstrates a. How automatic processing can interfere with intended processing b. A failure to divide attention c. The ease of performing a low-load task d. Support for object-based attention

A

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's ability to ignore the _________ of words. a. Meaning b. Color c. Size d. Font

B

The Stroop effect occurs when participants a. Are told to divide their attention between colors and shapes b. Try to name colors and ignore words c. Try to select some incoming information based on meaning d. Are told to shadow two messages simultaneously

A

The cocktail effect is a. The ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli b. The inability to pay attention to one stimulus in the presence of competing stimuli c. The diminished awareness of information in a crowd d. The equal distribution of attention between competing stimuli

A

The distribution of attention among two or more tasks is known as a. Divided attention b. Dual attention c. Divergent tasking d. Selective attention

B

The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for a. Modality b. Meaning c. Physical characteristics d. Location

A

The use of a machine that tracks the movement of one's eyes can help reveal the shifting of one's ___________ attention. a. Overt b. Covert c. Divided d. Dichotic

D

When Sam listens to his girlfriend in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of _____________ attention. a. Low load b. Divided c. Cocktail party d. Selective

C

When a person is shadowing a message, he or she is a. Silently following it mentally b. Ignoring it while paying attention to another message c. Saying the message out loud d. Thinking about something closely related to the message

D

Which experimental result caused problems for Broadbent's filter model of selective attention? a. A result where listeners don't notice words presented up to 35 times in the unattended ear b. A result where listeners can shadow a message presented in the attended ear c. The result of Cherry's experiment demonstrating the cocktail party phenomenon d. The result of the "Dear Aunt Jane" experiment

D

Which of the following is an experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli? a. Early selection b. Filtering c. Channeling d. Dichotic listening

D

Which of the following is most closely associated with Treisman's attenuation theory of selective attention? a. Late selection b. Stroop experiments c. Precueing d. Dictionary unit

B

Which stage in Treisman's "attenuation model" has a threshold component? a. Attenuator b. Dictionary unit c. Filter d. "Leaky" filter

B

Which theorist is responsible for proposing the idea of a filter model of attention? a. Raymond sanders b. Donald Broadbent c. Monica McGoldrick d. Elizabeth Loftus

B

With the Stroop effect , you would expect to find longest response times when a. The color and the name matched b. The color and the name differed c. The shape and the name matched d. The shape and the name differed

D

You are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, and your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV and although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and you add it to your list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention? a. Object-based b. Early selection c. Spotlight d. Late selection

A

__________ is the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object. a. Binding b. Integration c. Assimilation d. Letter analysis