PSYC 150 Drug and alcohol abuse Chapter 1

Researchers studying extent of drug use have always been most interested in drug use by Blank______, because this is the age when drug use usually begins and reaches its highest levels.

adolescents and young adults

Studies of risk and protective factors of substance use conclude that adolescents who are likely to smoke cigarettes, drink heavily, and smoke marijuana are likely to Blank______.

engage in other deviant behavior

An accurate statement about psychoactive drugs is that Blank______.

every drug acts at multiple sites

Since every psychoactive drug acts at multiple sites, both in the brain and on other organs, Blank______.

the effect of a drug sought by a user is accompanied by other bodily reactions

Why has marijuana smoking been used as an indicator in much of the research on correlates of drug use?

Adolescent marijuana use has been a matter of some concern. Enough people have tried marijuana so that meaningful correlations can be done.

According to the Monitoring the Future study conducted annually by the University of Michigan on marijuana use among 12th-graders, which of the following statements is true of changes over time in the rates of drug use?

Changes in the rates of marijuana use since 1997 have been small.

______ is drug use that is not common within a social group and that is disapproved of by the majority.

Deviant drug use

Which of the following is an obvious difficulty faced by people when classifying substances as drugs?

Differentiating between food and drugs

______ typically refers to the use of prescribed drugs in greater amounts than, or for purposes other than, those prescribed by a physician or dentist.

Drug misuse

True or false: For a chemist, it would seem logical to ascribe morality to the drug itself.

False Reason: Correct. This is false. To a chemist, it is difficult to view the drug, the chemical substance itself, as somehow possessing evil intent. As a pure chemical, it would seem illogical to ascribe morality to the substance itself.

Which of the following factors increase the effect of a drug?

Frequent doses Taking the drug by a method that results in a lot of the drug getting to the brain quickly

In the context of drug use, one of the first drugs used by a typical drug user is known as a(n) Blank______.

Gateway

Which of the following is true of genetic influences on drug use?

Genetic factors play a large role in whether substance use develops into a serious problem.

Arrange the usual changes a user undergoes upon increasing his or her alcohol consumption in the correct order of occurrence. (Place the first stage at the top.)

Increased talkative. Slurred speech and difficulty walking Unconsciousness

Identify an accurate statement about the effect of psychoactive drugs on a user.

It is powerfully influenced by the user's history and expectations.

Why has measurement of impulsivity become more popular recently among studies aiming to correlate rate of substance use to personality of users?

Large-scale survey studies of the general population have yielded weak correlations with other personality traits.

According to a study from the 1970s that pointed out a typical sequence of involvement with drugs, arrange the stages of drug involvement in the order in which they occur. (Place the first stage at the top.)

Use of beer and wine Use of hard liquor / and or cigarettes Marijuana use

According to the findings of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, identify an accurate statement about the correlation between gender and rate of substance use.

Males are more likely to indulge in substance use than females.

Identify an accurate statement about substance use

Not all substance use is abuse.

True or false: The data on the correlation between gender and rate of substance use obtained by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health do not support the common notion of people that males are more likely to indulge in substance use than females.

Reason: Correct. This is false. The finding that males are more likely to drink alcohol, use tobacco, smoke marijuana, and use cocaine than are females has been consistent over many kinds of correlational studies for many years. The data collected through surveys such as those conducted by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health provide support for what most people would expect.

Identify an accurate statement about studies conducted to determine genetic influence on drug use.

Studies that focus on people diagnosed with substance use disorders are likely to produce significant results.

Studies of risk and protective factors of substance use found that Blank______.

an adolescent drug user's conduct is less influenced by society's expectations than most others of the same age

Match the drawbacks of research on drug use by adolescents and young adults with their descriptions.

bias in information gathered = As only those students who are in classrooms can be surveyed, high school dropouts, who are more likely to use drugs, are excluded from the research data. discrepancy in honesty of answers = Choice In most cases, there is no way of confirming a student's claims on a questionnaire.

In the context of enormous development and marketing of legal pharmaceuticals, match the developments that occurred over the past 100 years with their implications.

birth control medications = Choice increased opportunities for women to pursue educational and career goals drugs to treat mental problems = Choice dramatic shift in mental health treatment

In the context of drug use, antecedents are Blank______.

characteristics that predict later initiation of drug use

Studying antecedents of drug use is important because measurement of these factors before increase in substance use helps researchers Blank______.

determine the cause of substance use

Identify the events that led to an enormous change in the development and marketing of legal pharmaceuticals over the past 100 years.

development of antibiotics introduction of vaccines

According to a study conducted by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, identify the risk factors most likely associated with marijuana use among adolescents

having friends who use marijuana perceiving that substance use is prevalent at one's school engaging in frequent fighting, stealing, or other antisocial activities

According to research, effects of psychoactive drugs on a user are influenced by Blank______.

his or her expectations of the effects they will produce

Many drug users are motivated to continue using substances because the behavior of taking a drug Blank______.

is reinforced by the effect of the drug

Which drug has been used as an indicator for much of the research on correlates of drug use?

marijuana

Data on marijuana use can be used to make a broader statement that illicit drug use among high school seniors has not changed a great deal in the past 20 years because Blank______.

marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug

Identify the protective factors most likely associated with lower rates of marijuana use among adolescents according to a study conducted by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health.

participating in two or more extracurricular activities believing that religion is important and frequently attending religious services being committed to school

A procedure in which a behavioral event is followed by a consequent event such that the behavior is then more likely to be repeated is known as

reinforcement

While different research laboratories have different ways of measuring impulsivity, in general, it Blank______.

relates to a person's tendency to act quickly and without considering long-term consequences

Deviant drug use by an individual causes members of the individual's group to Blank______.

take corrective action when it occurs

When drug addiction and deviant drug use are talked about, it is Blank______ that is being referred to.

the way the drug is being used