PSYC 2000 Module 8

which of the following examples best fits into the socioemotional process of development : -a young man's new found aggressiveness in sports -memorizing a telephone number -constructing a sentence about the future -imagining oneself as a movie star

-a young man's new found aggressiveness in sports

development in terms of biological processes involves which of the following : -maturation -hormonal changes -changes in individuals relationships with others -changes in motor skills

-changes in motor skills -maturation -hormonal changes

Harry Harlow's classic study with baby monkeys demonstrated

-constant comfort -preference for warmth and nesting

which of the following are examples of "nature" influences -eye color -nutrition in early childhood -family history of hair loss -peer pressure

-eye color -family history of hair loss

which of the following are examples of "nurture" influences: -eye color -nutrition in early childhood -family history of hair loss -peer pressure

-nutrition in early childhood -peer pressure

which of the following are true as we enter early adulthood: -verbal memory and reasoning lessons -perceptual speed is at its peak -have quick reflexes and are better able to respond to sensory input -cognitive abilities increase to early adulthood

-perceptual speed is at its peak -have quick reflexes and are better able to respond to sensory input -cognitive abilities increase to early adulthood

what does authoritative parenting entail

-placing limits -encouraging independence

Which of the following are true regarding Piaget's theory of schemas: -schema means we are able to distinguish btw one's own perspective and someone else -schema organizes information -schemas are expressed as various behaviors and skills -schema assists us in making sense of experience

-schema organizes information -schemas are expressed as various behaviors and skills -schema assists us in making sense of experience

which are examples of teratogens: -folic acid -thalidomide -alcohol -heroin

-thalidomide -alcohol -heroin

Kubler-Ross believed in the process of dying we go though 5 progressive stages of death and dying which are:

1. denial 2. anger 3. bargaining 4. depression 5. acceptance

prenatal development stages in order

1. germinal 2. embryonic 3. fetal

Erikson's first four stages

1. trust vs mistrust 2. autonomy vs shame and guilt 3. initiative vs. guilt 4. industry vs. inferiority

what age is the human body at its physical peak?

20

cross-sectional research is best represented by which of the following examples? -students are surveyed at one time -students are followed

A study where elementary students in grades 6,7,8,9 are surveyed at one time

-attachment is instinctive -attachment is important for later development

Bowby's work on attachment

What theorist is most associated with cognitive development in children?

Piaget

-learning occurs through interaction with skilled others -there is an emphasis on collaborative learning -the goal of cognitive development is to become competent in your culture

Vygotsky's theory of development

an individual's adjustment of his or her schemas to new information

accommodation

-adolescent has a sense of invincibility -adolescent believes that others are as preoccupied with adolescence as they are

adolescent egocentrism

involves the beliefs that others are as preoccupied with the adolescents as he or she is

adolescent egocentrism

______ the part of the brain that involves emotion matures in adolescents well before the frontal lobes, which are involved with higher-order thinking

amygdala

main class of male sex hormones

androgens

close emotional bond formed between child and caregiver

attachment

Leonard Hayflick developed the ____________ theory of aging which says that our cells become less capable of dividing as we age

cellular-clock

occurs when a single sperm cell from the male penetrates the female's ovum

conception

Piaget stage that occurs from ages 7-12 and is characterized by logical thought reversibility and the loss of egocentrism

concrete operational

-Piaget's 3rd stage of development -last from about 7-11 -individual uses operations and replaces intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations

concrete operational stage

belief in the permanence of an object despite superficial changes

conservation

when a group of people are assessed on a psychological variable at one point in time

cross-sectional design

-intelligence based on cumulative learning experience -increases throughout lifespan -individuals accumulated information and verbal skills

crystalized intelligence

primary focus of Vygotsky's theory of development

culture

A _______ in lateralization in older adults may improve cognitive functioning

decrease

significant ______ in memory are not always inevitable with old age

decrease

refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life

development

studies the patterns of physical, cognitive and social growth that occur throughout the lifespan

developmental psychology

in _____ adulthood many physical skills begin to decline

early

-child is reading a picture book and assumes that her mother who is across the room can see the pictures -three year old believes his father knows what the three year old is thinking these are examples of

egocentric thought

transition period between adolescent and adulthood

emerging adulthood

main class of female hormones

estrogen

-type of intelligence -ability to perceive and manipulate information -ability to reason abstractly -declines from middle adulthood

fluid intelligence

According to Piaget, the _______ _______ level of reasoning is reached when someone has the ability to use hypothetical-deductive reasoning

formal operational

-Piaget's fourth stage -11-15 and continues through adulthood -thinking about things that are not concrete -making predictions -using logic to come up with hypotheses about the future

formal operational stage

-complex -refers to psychological aspects of being male or female -social aspects of being male or female

gender

used to describe a mental framework that organizes and guides an individuals thoughts in terms of what it means to be male or female

gender schema

When you're talking to your uncle, who is 45, he mentions to you that you should focus on making a contribution to the world because he feels like most of his life has been trivial your uncle is working though the _____ stage of psychosocial development

generatively vs. stagnation

genotype is defined as a person's

genetic material

decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure to the same stimulus

habituation

what causes the physical changes that occur during adolescence?

hormone secretion

distinguishing character of an individual, what roles we play and what were capable of

identity

has explored alternative paths but has not yet made a commitment, according to Marica's concept this is an

identity moratorium

James Marcia proposed the concept of _____ to describe a person's position in the development of identity

identity status

-career exploration is important -there is an exploration of roles -occurs from 20-30

identity vs identity confusion

in early adulthood capacities for reasoning and verbal memory

increase

-occurs in middle to late childhood -danger at this stage involves feeling unproductive or incompetent -focus is on mastering knowledge and advancing intellectually

industry vs. inferiority

The time period of development from birth until 2 years of age is referred to as

infancy

-conscience develops -children's social words widen

initiative vs guilt

which of Erikson;s stages occurs in childhood and involves more challenges and developing more purposeful behavior

initiative vs guilt

Erikson's final adult developmental life stage- reevaluating what we have done in our lives

integrity vs despair

when a child is asked to explain how they know something and they reply " i just know"

intuitive thought `

A psychologist has designed a research study where the life attitudes of a group of participants are assessed at various points throughout their lives. This is a ________ research study

longitudinal

what sex will a child who inherits an X chromosome from mother and Y chromosome from father be?

male

consists of changes with age in thoughts, feelings and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide what people should do

moral development

If you show a child a toy and then hide it behind a chair and when the child wants the toy they only look in plain sight this is an example of the lack of mastery of

object permanence

Piaget's term for the crucial accomplishment of the sensorimotor stage, where a child understands that something exists even if it cannot be seen

object permanence

menopause is an example of ______ in developmental terms

physical change

Dr. Abramowitz shows infants cards with shapes of different colors and uses the information to determine whether infants can distinguish among objects. This is described as

preferential looking technique

-lasts from 2-7 -thought is more symbolic than sensorimotor thought -child's thinking in this stage is limited because it is egocentric

preoperational stage

period of physical development during which sexual organs mature

puberty

automatic responses such as grasping something that touches the fingers

reflexes

-framework used for organizing information -concept that exists at a given moment in a person's mind

schema

-Piaget stage -occurs from birth to 2 years -child has little capacity to represent the environment with language or other symbols

sensorimotor

basic, innate disposition that emerges very early in life and affects behavior throughout childhood

temperament

environmental agents such as drugs, chemicals, viruses or other factors that produce birth defects

teratogens

A person is born with some serious physical problems, but preservers throughout development and chooses environmental reinforces that allow the individual to construct a new developmental path. Which of the following describes the process

this person demonstrates the active and interactive role of genetic inheritance and the environment

-basic needs such as food, comfort and warmth are met -trust in infancy creates a life expectation that people are good

trust vs mistrust

-fertilized egg -single cell with 23 chromosomes from mom and 23 chromosomes from dad

zygote

describes the fertilized egg in the first 2 weeks of prenatal development

zygote

Erikson formulated his socioemotional theory of development on this research

based on case studies

developmental psychologists concentrates on

biological and environmental factors that contribute to how people are

what age is trust vs mistrust stage predominant

birth to 1.5 years