PSYC 2000 Module 8
which of the following examples best fits into the socioemotional process of development : -a young man's new found aggressiveness in sports -memorizing a telephone number -constructing a sentence about the future -imagining oneself as a movie star
-a young man's new found aggressiveness in sports
development in terms of biological processes involves which of the following : -maturation -hormonal changes -changes in individuals relationships with others -changes in motor skills
-changes in motor skills -maturation -hormonal changes
Harry Harlow's classic study with baby monkeys demonstrated
-constant comfort -preference for warmth and nesting
which of the following are examples of "nature" influences -eye color -nutrition in early childhood -family history of hair loss -peer pressure
-eye color -family history of hair loss
which of the following are examples of "nurture" influences: -eye color -nutrition in early childhood -family history of hair loss -peer pressure
-nutrition in early childhood -peer pressure
which of the following are true as we enter early adulthood: -verbal memory and reasoning lessons -perceptual speed is at its peak -have quick reflexes and are better able to respond to sensory input -cognitive abilities increase to early adulthood
-perceptual speed is at its peak -have quick reflexes and are better able to respond to sensory input -cognitive abilities increase to early adulthood
what does authoritative parenting entail
-placing limits -encouraging independence
Which of the following are true regarding Piaget's theory of schemas: -schema means we are able to distinguish btw one's own perspective and someone else -schema organizes information -schemas are expressed as various behaviors and skills -schema assists us in making sense of experience
-schema organizes information -schemas are expressed as various behaviors and skills -schema assists us in making sense of experience
which are examples of teratogens: -folic acid -thalidomide -alcohol -heroin
-thalidomide -alcohol -heroin
Kubler-Ross believed in the process of dying we go though 5 progressive stages of death and dying which are:
1. denial 2. anger 3. bargaining 4. depression 5. acceptance
prenatal development stages in order
1. germinal 2. embryonic 3. fetal
Erikson's first four stages
1. trust vs mistrust 2. autonomy vs shame and guilt 3. initiative vs. guilt 4. industry vs. inferiority
what age is the human body at its physical peak?
20
cross-sectional research is best represented by which of the following examples? -students are surveyed at one time -students are followed
A study where elementary students in grades 6,7,8,9 are surveyed at one time
-attachment is instinctive -attachment is important for later development
Bowby's work on attachment
What theorist is most associated with cognitive development in children?
Piaget
-learning occurs through interaction with skilled others -there is an emphasis on collaborative learning -the goal of cognitive development is to become competent in your culture
Vygotsky's theory of development
an individual's adjustment of his or her schemas to new information
accommodation
-adolescent has a sense of invincibility -adolescent believes that others are as preoccupied with adolescence as they are
adolescent egocentrism
involves the beliefs that others are as preoccupied with the adolescents as he or she is
adolescent egocentrism
______ the part of the brain that involves emotion matures in adolescents well before the frontal lobes, which are involved with higher-order thinking
amygdala
main class of male sex hormones
androgens
close emotional bond formed between child and caregiver
attachment
Leonard Hayflick developed the ____________ theory of aging which says that our cells become less capable of dividing as we age
cellular-clock
occurs when a single sperm cell from the male penetrates the female's ovum
conception
Piaget stage that occurs from ages 7-12 and is characterized by logical thought reversibility and the loss of egocentrism
concrete operational
-Piaget's 3rd stage of development -last from about 7-11 -individual uses operations and replaces intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations
concrete operational stage
belief in the permanence of an object despite superficial changes
conservation
when a group of people are assessed on a psychological variable at one point in time
cross-sectional design
-intelligence based on cumulative learning experience -increases throughout lifespan -individuals accumulated information and verbal skills
crystalized intelligence
primary focus of Vygotsky's theory of development
culture
A _______ in lateralization in older adults may improve cognitive functioning
decrease
significant ______ in memory are not always inevitable with old age
decrease
refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life
development
studies the patterns of physical, cognitive and social growth that occur throughout the lifespan
developmental psychology
in _____ adulthood many physical skills begin to decline
early
-child is reading a picture book and assumes that her mother who is across the room can see the pictures -three year old believes his father knows what the three year old is thinking these are examples of
egocentric thought
transition period between adolescent and adulthood
emerging adulthood
main class of female hormones
estrogen
-type of intelligence -ability to perceive and manipulate information -ability to reason abstractly -declines from middle adulthood
fluid intelligence
According to Piaget, the _______ _______ level of reasoning is reached when someone has the ability to use hypothetical-deductive reasoning
formal operational
-Piaget's fourth stage -11-15 and continues through adulthood -thinking about things that are not concrete -making predictions -using logic to come up with hypotheses about the future
formal operational stage
-complex -refers to psychological aspects of being male or female -social aspects of being male or female
gender
used to describe a mental framework that organizes and guides an individuals thoughts in terms of what it means to be male or female
gender schema
When you're talking to your uncle, who is 45, he mentions to you that you should focus on making a contribution to the world because he feels like most of his life has been trivial your uncle is working though the _____ stage of psychosocial development
generatively vs. stagnation
genotype is defined as a person's
genetic material
decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure to the same stimulus
habituation
what causes the physical changes that occur during adolescence?
hormone secretion
distinguishing character of an individual, what roles we play and what were capable of
identity
has explored alternative paths but has not yet made a commitment, according to Marica's concept this is an
identity moratorium
James Marcia proposed the concept of _____ to describe a person's position in the development of identity
identity status
-career exploration is important -there is an exploration of roles -occurs from 20-30
identity vs identity confusion
in early adulthood capacities for reasoning and verbal memory
increase
-occurs in middle to late childhood -danger at this stage involves feeling unproductive or incompetent -focus is on mastering knowledge and advancing intellectually
industry vs. inferiority
The time period of development from birth until 2 years of age is referred to as
infancy
-conscience develops -children's social words widen
initiative vs guilt
which of Erikson;s stages occurs in childhood and involves more challenges and developing more purposeful behavior
initiative vs guilt
Erikson's final adult developmental life stage- reevaluating what we have done in our lives
integrity vs despair
when a child is asked to explain how they know something and they reply " i just know"
intuitive thought `
A psychologist has designed a research study where the life attitudes of a group of participants are assessed at various points throughout their lives. This is a ________ research study
longitudinal
what sex will a child who inherits an X chromosome from mother and Y chromosome from father be?
male
consists of changes with age in thoughts, feelings and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide what people should do
moral development
If you show a child a toy and then hide it behind a chair and when the child wants the toy they only look in plain sight this is an example of the lack of mastery of
object permanence
Piaget's term for the crucial accomplishment of the sensorimotor stage, where a child understands that something exists even if it cannot be seen
object permanence
menopause is an example of ______ in developmental terms
physical change
Dr. Abramowitz shows infants cards with shapes of different colors and uses the information to determine whether infants can distinguish among objects. This is described as
preferential looking technique
-lasts from 2-7 -thought is more symbolic than sensorimotor thought -child's thinking in this stage is limited because it is egocentric
preoperational stage
period of physical development during which sexual organs mature
puberty
automatic responses such as grasping something that touches the fingers
reflexes
-framework used for organizing information -concept that exists at a given moment in a person's mind
schema
-Piaget stage -occurs from birth to 2 years -child has little capacity to represent the environment with language or other symbols
sensorimotor
basic, innate disposition that emerges very early in life and affects behavior throughout childhood
temperament
environmental agents such as drugs, chemicals, viruses or other factors that produce birth defects
teratogens
A person is born with some serious physical problems, but preservers throughout development and chooses environmental reinforces that allow the individual to construct a new developmental path. Which of the following describes the process
this person demonstrates the active and interactive role of genetic inheritance and the environment
-basic needs such as food, comfort and warmth are met -trust in infancy creates a life expectation that people are good
trust vs mistrust
-fertilized egg -single cell with 23 chromosomes from mom and 23 chromosomes from dad
zygote
describes the fertilized egg in the first 2 weeks of prenatal development
zygote
Erikson formulated his socioemotional theory of development on this research
based on case studies
developmental psychologists concentrates on
biological and environmental factors that contribute to how people are
what age is trust vs mistrust stage predominant
birth to 1.5 years
