PSYC 2013 Chapter 8

affect-as-information (EXAMPLE)

A music critic gives a band a rave review because he had a very enjoyable lunch earlier in the day.

finding an analogy (EXAMPLE)

Stacia travels all over the city using buses and subways. When she wants to find a way to travel to another state, she refers to a bus schedule.

Identify the following statements about scripts as either true or false.

TRUE - Scripts help us understand the correct sequence of events. - Scripts dictate different roles based on things like age, race, or gender. FALSE - Scripts do not change across cultures. - Scripts help us categorize the objects we interact with every day.

category

a group of things with one or more shared properties

exemplar

any member of a category

Harriet recently took the WAIS-IV intelligence test. She was 20 years old at the time, and the result indicated that she had a mental age of 16. Harriet's intelligence quotient (IQ) is ______. a) 120 b) 100 c) 50 d) 80

80 (mental age/ actual age * 100)

categorization (EXAMPLE)

A grocery store places all produce in one area and all dry goods in another.

hindsight bias (EXAMPLE)

After Shawna is dumped by her boyfriend, her friends list things he did that revealed the relationship was in big trouble, when in reality they had not seen the breakup coming.

affective forecasting (EXAMPLE)

An investor's gamble on a technology stock pays off, but she is not as elated as she thought she would be. Dan chooses the job that allows him to live in the countryside, thinking he will be happier there.

representativeness (EXAMPLE)

Barbara is quiet, shy, and likes to spend time alone, so people are surprised to learn she is an entertainer and not a librarian.

Which of the following are symbolic representations?

CORRECT - an equation for a math word problem - the ingredient list in a recipe INCORRECT - an architect's design sketch - a no-smoking sign that shows a crossed-out cigarette

restructuring a problem (EXAMPLE)

Chao is looking for a dog sitter, but no one can cover all the times required. He then puts together a schedule for three different people to help with the dog.

Wernicke's aphasia (EXAMPLE)

June could not understand what was said to her, and she spoke in nonsensical sentences.

overcoming functional fixedness (EXAMPLE)

Matt has a hammer and a window that will not open, but he does not want to smash the window. Eventually he realizes that he can use the hammer as a lever.

affective forecasting

One may attach too much importance to how a certain outcome would make him feel.

semantics (EXAMPLE)

Psychology is "sick."

prototype model (EXAMPLE)

Young children can quickly identify a crow as a bird, since they think of crows as best representing that concept.

phonemes

basic sounds of speech

both creoles and pidgins

begin as a mixture of two or more established languages

fluid intellegence

flexibility and novelty in thinking

crystallized intelligence

knowledge and use of knowledge

pidgins

lack consistent grammatical rules

syntax

rules for combining words into sentences

practical intelligence

skill at judging the size of a physical space or at judging people's characters

analytical intelligence

skill at puzzle solving and other academic challenges

creative intelligence

skill at reacting to new situations by thinking in original and interesting ways

morphemes

smallest unit of meaning in language

intelligence

the ability to reason, to make decisions, to make sense of events, and to adapt to environmental challenges

After seeing the movie Shark Attack 3D, Joaquin refused a friend's invitation to go swimming at the beach. If Joaquin refused because he remembered the bloody shark attacks in the movie, his decision is best explained by _________. a) an effect of framing b) the availability heuristic c) an algorithm d) the representativeness heuristic

the availability heuristic

prototype

the best, most typical member of a category

phonemes (EXAMPLE

the sounds "s," "i," "ch," "ol," "o," "g," and "ee"

morphemes (EXAMPLE)

the units "psych-" and "-ology"

achievement test

the use of standardized tests to assess current levels of skill and knowledge

psycometrics

the use of standardized tests to measure mental attributes such as intelligence

aptitude tests

the use of standardized tests to predict future performance

semantics

underlining meaning of phrases or sentences

create subgoals (EXAMPLE)

José has a large research paper to write. He plans to first procure research articles, then review them, then write a summary of each one, and then write his conclusion.

somatic marker (EXAMPLE)

A mother keeps her child away from a fan because the thought of the child's fingers near its rotating blades makes her cringe.

Audrey suffered a stroke that was localized in Broca's area. Which of the following effects might she exhibit?

CORRECT - Audrey can move her tongue and lips but struggles to form words. - Audrey can understand everything that is said to her but has trouble repeating what has been said. - When Audrey is able to say a word, she is unable to combine it with another word. INCORRECT - Audrey is only able to understand surface structure of sentences, but not deep meaning. - Audrey cannot understand any spoken language. - Audrey is able to form phrases of three to five words.

Identify the reasons why schemas are useful.

CORRECT -Many of the most commonly encountered situations have consistent attributes. - People often have specific roles in the context of a given situation. - Schemas allow us to think efficiently about objects by categorizing them. INCORRECT -Schemas have fewer negative effects than stereotypes.

Broca's aphasia (EXAMPLE)

Herb understood everything that was said, but he could not speak.

Identify the following statements about stereotypes as either true or false.

TRUE - They can limit opportunities. - Gender roles are examples of stereotypes. - Like scripts, they can be helpful. FALSE - They are conscious thought processes.

working backward (EXAMPLE)

When Paola's car broke down, she identified what time she needed to get to work, then researched bus schedules to see what bus to catch, then set the time she needed to leave the house to walk to the bus stop.

creoles

are well-developed languages in their own right are passed from parents to children

Wernicke's area

brain area for language comprehension

Broca's area

brain area for language production

insight (EXAMPLE)

Boris, an architect, takes a break from a problem he's been working on because he knows that sometimes he comes up with solutions to a difficult problem in an "aha" moment.

If Samir scores high on an intelligence test, which of the following can you expect about his cognitive performance, compared with someone of average intelligence?

CORRECT - He will score higher on tests of choice reaction time (e.g. "Press the X key every time you see an X; press the A key every time you see an A"). - He will score much higher on a memory test that has two components (e.g. "Solve simple math problems while a list of words is presented, and then repeat the words back in the same order"). INCORRECT - He will have a longer simple reaction time (e.g. "Press the X key every time you see an X"). - He will score much higher on a simple test of memory (e.g. "Listen to this list of words and repeat them back in the same order").

Which of the following claims of linguistic relativity theory have been supported by research?

CORRECT - Language influences how people think about time and space. - Language influences how people think about quantities. - Sexist language can influence how people think about men and women. INCORRECT -People without language are incapable of thought. - Language determines thought.

exemplar model (EXAMPLE)

Even though Josef had never seen that unusual breed of cat before, he can quickly identify it as a cat—as opposed to a dog—since it most closely matches other instances of cats in his memory.

anchoring (EXAMPLE)

Of two job applicants, Ramsey hires the one who made a better first impression, even though her interview answers were not as good as those of the other applicant. The real estate agent describes an apartment as "spacious, modern, well located, overlooks a highway, fixer-upper kitchen." The clerk first shows the shopper the most expensive suit, and then shows him a nice belt, which is less expensive by comparison.

framing

One may be subject to manipulation by others based on how a choice is described. decisions are shaped by whether potential gains or potential losses are emphasized

anchoring

One may be subject to manipulation by others based on the order in which choices are presented. Evaluating current information, usually numerical data, to be either negative or positive by comparing it to previously provided information.

availability heuristic

One may make a hasty decision based on information frequently heard or seen, without gathering more information that may be more accurate. making decisions based on information that is easily retrieved: usually information that has been heard or seen recently or frequently.

representiveness heuristic

One may make decisions based on poorly informed stereotyping of people. making decisions by placing people or objects into categories

incorrect syntax (EXAMPLE)

Read aloud to her baby the mom.

Steve is 21. He has ambitious plans and is eager to start his career. He likes being around other people, enjoys parties, and usually likes to be in charge of the conversation. He is very competitive, plays on a sports team, and enjoys "playing to win." Which of the statements about Steven is most likely to be true? a) Steve is a student at Green Acres College. b) Steve is a Green Acres student working on an associate's degree in business. c) Steve is a Green Acres student and is on the soccer team. d) Steve is a Green Acres student working on an associate's degree in business and is also on the soccer team.

Steve is a student at Green Acres College.

Identify the statements about the reliability and validity of intelligence tests as either true or false.

TRUE - A person's performance on an intelligence test at one time corresponds with his performance on the same test at another time. - People who score high on IQ tests often do well at school and in complex careers. FALSE - People who score high on IQ tests will do better in any career. - IQ scores predict almost 100 percent of variability in performance in school or work.

Tiffany says, "Cheerleading is a sport. It is competitive and takes a lot of athletic ability!" Hugh replies, "You're crazy! Cheerleading is not a sport. All cheerleaders do is shake pom-poms and yell out the spelling of words." Tiffany and Hugh clearly disagree about the _______ of "sport." a) concept b) prototype c) exemplar d) schema

concept

In 1910, Guiseppewas 8 years old. He was given Binet'soriginal test of mental abilities. When the test was scored, it was found that he functioned mentally at the level of a 6-year-old. This result reflects Giuseppe's _______. a) intelligence quotient b) mental age c) crystallized intelligence d) chronological age

mental age

Place the sibling pairs in order of strongest expected likelihood of IQ correlation to weakest.

monozygotic twins raised together monozygotic twins raised apart dizygotic twins raised together natural non-twin siblings raised together adoptive siblings raised together natural non-twn siblings raised apart

problem solving

- involves obstacles - involves getting from a present state to a goal state

decision making

- involves selection among alternatives - involves ranking outcomes as better or worse

People who are high in g (general intelligence factor) tend to live longer. Which of the following explanations for this have been proposed?

CORRECT - People with higher g scores are more informed about the link between health and various behaviors. - People with higher g scores end up in jobs that are less dangerous and have better health benefits. - Higher g is associated with more education. It is the education, not the high g, that confers health benefits. INCORRECT - People with higher g scores are genetically less predisposed to suffer from heart disease, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease.

Which of the following are some results from research studies about the role of genetics in determining intelligence?

CORRECT - The second-highest correlation in intelligence is between monozygotic twins raised in different households. - The highest correlation in intelligence is between monozygotic twins raised in the same household. - The lowest correlation in intelligence is between parents and adopted children. INCORRECT - The correlation in intelligence is the same for siblings living in the same home and dizygotic twins living in the same home. - The highest correlation in intelligence is between parents and children living in the same household.

The Chinese word for violin is Chinese characters for violin Identify the reasons why this is a symbolic representation, rather than an analogical one.

CORRECT - The word does not look anything like a violin. - The relationship between the word and a violin is arbitrary. INCORRECT - Each letter physically resembles part of a violin. - Each letter refers to part of a violin.

Identify the functions of and problems with schemas.

FUNCTIONS - Schemas minimize the amount of attention required to navigate familiar situations. - Schemas for common situations include rules for how to behave. - Schemas help us avoid unusual or dangerous situations. - Schemas assign people roles to play. PROBLEMS - Schemas can reinforce gender stereotypes. - Schemas can influence people's perceptions based on race and ethnicity.

Which of the following theories on intelligence have significant empirical support?

HAVE - general intelligence - fluid intelligence - crystallized intelligence LACK - emotional intelligence - multiple intelligences

framing (EXAMPLE)

Hui-Feng buys a messenger bag marked down from $89 to $69 after passing up a chance last month to buy it for $65. A dating app CEO, hoping to get venture capital funding, says that his site is used by 20 percent of San Francisco singles. A professor gives extra credit for homework turned in rather than deducting points if it is not turned in.

availbility (EXAMPLE)

Larry didn't know why he voted for the person running for student senate, but the candidate he voted for had posted signs all over campus.

conformation bias (EXAMPLE)

Louis considers himself in good shape. He thinks of his days as a college athlete and his abstinence from junk food, and doesn't pay attention to how his clothes are getting tighter.

overcoming a mental set (EXAMPLE)

Michael keeps looking for his keys on the kitchen table, where he usually leaves them. Eventually, he checks in his pocket and finds them.

Identify the advantages of each type of reading instruction.

Phonics - produces more proficient readers Whole Language - more natural and in line with how children learn to talk - better for motivating students to read

Associate each description with either the Stanford-Binet intelligence test or the Wechsler test.

STANFORD-BINET - provides one overall score - only suitable for testing children WECHSLER - measures reaction time - tests picture ordering and picture completion - tests both verbal and nonverbal information - tests general knowledge

Kayla is a member of an ethnic minority and she is taking a standardized math test. Based on research findings about stereotype threat, which of the following statements are true and which are false?

TRUE - Stereotype threat could interfere with Kayla's test performance by causing her anxiety. - If Kayla is aware of negative stereotypes about women's math abilities, telling her about the negative effects of stereotype threat will help her do better. - If Kayla believes that men in fact score better on math tests than women do, this will most likely have a negative effect on her own score. FALSE - If Kayla is aware of negative stereotypes about the abilities of people in her ethnic group, she will do better on the test if the score is part of a college application process than if the test is presented as a non-evaluative challenge or game. - Being aware of the stereotype that people in her minority group perform badly on math tests will help Kayla do better, by providing extra motivation.

g factor

high overall intelligence

Maximizing and satisficing are two different ways of (BLANK). 1. Serena took the first full-time job she was offered. She makes enough to get by and has time for volunteer work. Serena could be described as a (BLANK). 2. Maxine held out for a high-paying, high-prestige job. She spends much of her spare time networking and looking for an even better position. Maxine could be described as a (BLANK). Surprisingly, satisficers like Serena tend to end up happier, apparently because they are less likely to (BLANK) later on.

making decisions satisficer maximizer second-guess themselves

Mark has never been to the local video store, but his smartphone says the address is 510 East Main Street. He knows that address must be five blocks east of University Street. And he can visualize the florist's shop next door to it. Mark is using a(n) _______ to think about the video store. a) analogical representation b) mental map c) symbolic representation d) concept

mental map