PSYC 221 Chapter 5 Test Bank

23. The primary effect of chunking is to a. maximize the recency effect. b. increase memory for items by grouping them together based on sound. c. develop a visual code to supplement a phonological code for the information. d. increase the efficiency of short-term memory.

d

16. If Peyton Manning, a professional football player, wanted to remember his 16-digit credit card number, which of the following memory techniques would you recommend? a. He should think of the numbers as a sequence of football statistics. b. He should picture each of the numbers in his head printed in a bright color. c. He should first memorize a few other sequences of 16 digits to gain some practice. d. He should visualize the front of his credit card showing a picture of him dribbling a basketball.

a

18. A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with memory. a. short-term b. long-term c. sensory d. autobiographical

a

49. Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as the can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory. a. prefrontal cortex b. amygdala c. hippocampus d. occipital lobe

a

10. Compared to the whole-report technique, the partial-report procedure involves a. a smaller stimulus set. b. a smaller response set. c. a smaller stimulus set and a smaller response set. d. a shorter rehearsal period.

b

13. Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that a. STM and LTM are independent components of memory. b. information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds. c. information in STM must be rehearsed to transfer into LTM. d. STM has a limited capacity.

b

14. Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to , but later research showed that it was actually due to . a. interference; decay b. priming; interference c. decay; interference d. decay; lack of rehearsal

c

20. The "magic number," according to Miller, is a. 7 and 11. b. 5 plus 2. c. 7 plus or minus 2. d. lucky 13.

c

31. Working memory differs from short-term memory in that a. short-term memory consists of a number of components. b. short-term memory has unlimited capacity. c. working memory is concerned with both holding and processing information. d. working memory has unlimited capacity.

c

4. The three structural components of the modal model of memory are a. receptors, occipital lobe, temporal lobe. b. receptors, temporal lobe, frontal lobe. c. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory. d. sensory memory, iconic memory, rehearsal.

c

1. According to your text, when students are asked the top functions for which they use their memories, all but which of the following are commonly identified? a. their daily schedule b. learning material for exams c. remembering names and phone numbers d. labeling familiar objects

d

11. Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, Sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw about percent of the 12 letters in the display. a. 12 b. 36 c. 65 d. 82

d

22. Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776? a. 14 929 111 776 b. 149 29111 776 c. 14 92 91 117 76 d. 1492 911 1776

d

17. The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is a. just under a fraction of a second. b. 15-20 seconds or less. c. 1-3 minutes or more. d. indefinite.

b

19. If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has memory. a. an absence of sensory b. poor short-term c. exceptional short-term d. normal short-term

b

25. Which of the following sets of results shows evidence of proactive interference with a three-trial recall task? (Note: Read the selections as percent correct for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) a. 20% : 50 % : 70% correct b. 80% : 40% : 30% correct c. 30 % : 30% : 30% correct d. 70% : 40% : 60% correct

b

26. Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that while remembers the names of the people in the fourth group, he can no longer recall the names of anyone he met earlier in the party. Lamar's experience demonstrates a. the phonological similarity effect. b. retroactive interference. c. the cocktail party phenomenon. d. a partial-report procedure.

b

30. Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of a. the phonological similarity effect. b. short-term memory. c. the persistence of vision. d. the physiological approach to coding.

b

32. The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is a. permanently stored. b. manipulated. c. forgotten. d. perceived.

b

36. The word-length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember a. a long list of words than a short list of words. b. a list of long words than a list of short words. c. a list of words that are all the same length than a list of words that are of different lengths. d. a list of words that are of different lengths than a list of words that are all the same length.

b

40. Articulatory suppression does all but which of the following? a. It reduces memory span. b. It interferes with semantic coding. c. It reduces the phonological similarity effect for reading words. d. It eliminates the use of rehearsal.

b

47. The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory? a. The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad b. The central executive and long-term memory c. The central executive and the phonological loop d. The phonological loop and long-term memory

b

48. Funahashi et al.'s work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the a. nucleus acumbens. b. prefrontal cortex. c. diencephalon. d. cingulate gyrus.

b

21. STM's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus two) a. meaningful units. b. letters. c. words. d. sentences.

a

27. Suppose you (a student) are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class. Soon after, both you and a classmate, J.P., are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song. When you and J.P. are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than J.P. does. This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to a. proactive interference. b. your overloading the phonological loop. c. a release from proactive interference. d. a recency effect.

a

29. Given the different theoretical components of working memory, the code for these memories is most likely based on the of the stimulus. a. sound b. appearance c. meaning d. modality

a

9. When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because a. the trail you see is caused by sparks left behind from the sparkler. b. due to its differing wavelengths, the light from the sparkler continues to radiate for about a second after it goes out. c. the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about a fraction of a second. d. Gestalt principles work to complete the circle in our minds.

c

28. Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as a. L. b. I. c. R. d. C.

d

2. Remembering that a tomato is actually a fruit rather than vegetable is an example of memory. a. semantic b. acoustic c. visual d. iconic

a

3. Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text? a. Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory b. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with the episodic buffer c. Replacing the STM component of the modal model with iconic memory d. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory

a

37. A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying a. articulatory suppression. b. the visuospatial sketch pad. c. echoic memory. d. the central executive.

a

38. Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as a. articulatory suppression. b. an overload of sensory memory. c. rehearsal interference. d. an LTM recency effect.

a

39. Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because a. saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop. b. saying "la, la, la" forces participants to use visual encoding. c. talking makes the longer words seem even longer. d. elaborative rehearsal helps transfer information into LTM.

a

41. Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some oranges" in your mind AND a. saying "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun? b. pointing to the word "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun? c. pointing to the word "no" for each word that is a noun and "yes" for each word that is not a noun? d. saying "no" for each word that is a noun and "yes" for each word that is not a noun?

a

42. Which task should be easier? Keeping an image of a block letter "F" in your mind AND a. saying "yes" for each corner that is an inside corner and "no" for each corner that is an outside corner? b. pointing to the letter "Y" for each inside corner and "N" for each outside corner? c. saying "no" for each corner that is an inside corner and "yes" for each corner that is an outside corner? d. pointing to the letter "N" for each inside corner and "Y" for each outside corner?

a

44. It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if a. one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop. b. both are handled by the sketch pad. c. both are handled by the phonological loop. d. the central executive is deactivated during the dual task time period

a

6. Information remains in sensory memory for a. seconds or a fraction of a second. b. 15-30 seconds. c. 1-3 minutes. d. as long as it is rehearsed.

a

7. Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive, you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend. To remember the address, you used a(n) process in STM. a. control b. automatic c. coding d. iconic

a

5. A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they a. do not require attention. b. may differ from one task to another. c. are performed without conscious awareness. d. are difficult to modify.

b

51. Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during a. stimulus presentation. b. delay. c. response. d. encoding.

b

52. Neural refers to a neural response, usually brain activation measured by fMRI, to determine what a person is perceiving or thinking. a. potentiation b. mind reading c. perseveration d. interference

b

12. Brief sensory memory for sound is known as a. iconic memory. b. primary auditory memory. c. echoic memory. d. pre-perceptual auditory memory.

c

34. Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds? a. BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY b. SAY, BET, PIN, COW, RUG c. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP d. PIG, DOG, RAT, FOX, HEN

c

43. According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road? a. Trying to imagine how many cabinets are in their kitchen b. Trying to remember a map of the area c. Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned d. Trying to imagine a portrait from a recent museum exhibit

c

46. Shanta has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Shanta is displaying a. sensory memory. b. decay. c. perseveration. d. agnosia.

c

8. When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of a. a visual delay effect. b. echoic memory. c. persistence of vision. d. top-down processing.

c

15. Jill's friends tell her they think she has a really good memory. She finds this interesting so she decides to purposefully test her memory. Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Jill's memory is declining over the course of the week because other information she encounters is "competing" with that which she memorized on Monday. This process is called a. anterograde amnesia. b. episodic buffering. c. chunking. d. proactive interference.

d

24. The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that a. experts show larger primacy and recency effects than beginners. b. knowledge in an area of expertise increases a person's digit span. c. expertise with some material reduces susceptibility to proactive interference with that material. d. chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.

d

33. Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory? a. the STM recency effect b. delayed response coding c. the phonological loop d. the visuospatial sketch pad

d

35. The word-length effect reveals that a. STM digit span remains constant across native speakers of different languages. b. longer words are typically more distinctive and easier to retrieve from LTM than shorter words. c. working memory's central executive processes verbal information differently than visual/image information. d. the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.

d

45. One function of is to pull information out of long-term memory. a. sensory memory b. the phonological loop c. articulatory suppression d. the central executive

d

50. Research on monkeys has shown that the part of the brain most closely associated with working memory is the a. hippocampus. b. amygdala. c. occipital cortex. d. prefrontal cortex.

d