PSYC 230 Exam 2

According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodes __________ and is tested ___________. A. auditorially; auditorially B. semantically; visually C. auditorially; semantically D. semantically; auditorially

A

Alma suffered a brain injury and now she has trouble remembering friends and family or facts she used to know. She can, however, remember events from her life and daily tasks. This may reflect A. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. B. intact procedural memory but defective episodic memory. C. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory D. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.

A

Amara's friends tell her they think she has a really good memory. She finds this interesting so she decides to purposefully test her memory. Amara receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize each to-do list. On Monday, Amara is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Amara's memory is declining over the course of the week because other information she encounters is "competing" with that which she memorized on Monday. This process is called A. proactive interference. B. episodic buffering. C. anterograde amnesia. D. chunking.

A

Carolyn loves to dance, and took ballet, jazz and tap lessons for many years. Now she is learning a variety of ballroom dances. The movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, but she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on A. the self-reference effect. B. the integrative experience effect. C. a mass practice effect. D. semantic memory.

A

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds? A. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP B. SAY, BET, PIN, COW, RUG C. BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY D. PIG, DOG, RAT, FOX, HEN

A

In a study by Jenkins & Russell (1952), participants were given a list of words like "sofa, cherry, bowl, shoe, apple, chair" to remember. Participants often recalled the words in a different order. This occurred because of the A. tendency of objects in the same category to become organized. B. way the phonological loop reorganizes information based on sound during rehearsal. C. way objects like dishes and shoes are encoded visually. D. effect of proactive interference.

A

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they A. do not require attention. B. may differ from one task to another. C. are performed without conscious awareness. D. are difficult to modify.

B

Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because A. saying "la, la, la" forces participants to use visual encoding. B. saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop. C. talking makes the longer words seem even longer. D. elaborative rehearsal helps transfer information into LTM.

B

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as A. pre-perceptual auditory memory. B. echoic memory. C. primary auditory memory. D. iconic memory.

B

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories? A. Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances. B. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance. C. Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances. D. Maintenance is more effective than elaborative.

B

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of A. the physiological approach to coding. B. short-term memory. C. the phonological similarity effect. D. the persistence of vision.

B

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal from taking place? A. Using a very long list (greater than 30 items at one item per second) B. Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall C. Presenting the stimulus list at a slower pace D. Creating a 30-second delay before recall

B

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is A. just under fraction of a second. B. 10-20 seconds. C. indefinite. D. 1-3 minutes.

B

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory? A. The phonological loop and long-term memory B. The central executive and long-term memory C. The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad D. The central executive and the phonological loop

B

The primary effect of chunking is to A. maximize the recency effect. B. increase the efficiency of short-term memory. C. develop a visual code to supplement a phonological code for the information. D. increase memory for items by grouping them together based on sound.

B

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that A. experts show larger primacy and recency effects than beginners. B. chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts. C. expertise with some material reduces susceptibility to proactive interference with that material. D. knowledge in an area of expertise increases a person's digit span.

B

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of A. echoic memory. B. persistence of vision. C. a visual delay effect. D. top-down processing.

B

Which of the following best demonstrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM? A. Jacob starred in the lead role of his high school play a few years ago. Even though he helped write the play and based his character on his own life, he cannot remember many of the actual lines anymore. B. Rob's keys were stolen from his desk at work. He cannot give a detailed description of the keychain to police, despite using it every day for years. C. Emily recalls her grandmother's house went every day after school, even though she hasn't been there in over 20 years. D. Mae learned her marital arts moves by making up little stories and mental images to describe each movement.

B

Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some oranges" in your mind AND A. pointing to the word "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun? B. saying "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun? C. saying "no" for each word that is a noun and "yes" for each word that is not a noun? D. pointing to the word "no" for each word that is a noun and "yes" for each word that is not a noun?

B

Bransford and Johnson's study where participants heard a vague passage about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend, found that looking at a picture made the passage easier to understand. (Similar to our washing clothes example) This illustrates the importance of _________ in forming long-term memories. A. implicit memory during learning B. deep processing during retrieval. C. an organizational context during learning. D. imagery.

C

George is given a list of words to remember, and is asked to recall the list one week later. One of the words on the list was BEAR. Which of the following (none of which appeared on the list) would he be most likely to incorrectly recall if he doesn't remember BEAR? A. TEAR B. BARE C. DEER D. DEAR

C

You want to perform an experiment that involves priming. To be sure that a participant does not remember that a word was presented to them in the past you could A. utilize proactive interference when administering the memory task. B. use multiple rounds of repetition priming. C. test patients with amnesia. D. use backward instead of forward priming.

C

Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as A. R. B. I. C. L. D. C.

D

Funahashi et al.'s work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the A. nucleus acumbens. B. cingulate gyrus. C. diencephalon. D. prefrontal cortex.

D

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive, you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend. To remember the address, you used a(n) _______ process in STM. A. iconic B. coding C. automatic D. control

D

In your book, there is a story about balloons used to suspend a speaker in mid-air. This was used to illustrate the role of ________ in memory. A. depth of processing B. forming connections with other information. C. rehearsal D. organization

D

The primacy effect is attributed to A. a type of rehearsal that improves memory for all items in a list. B. recall of information still active in STM. C. forgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items. D. recall of information stored in LTM.

D

The word-length effect reveals that A. longer words are typically more distinctive and easier to retrieve from LTM than shorter words. B. working memory's central executive processes verbal information differently than visual/image information. C. STM digit span remains constant across native speakers of different languages. D. the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.

D

Tulving believed that the experience of episodic memory is defined by A. involving both explicit and implicit memories. B. accessing world knowledge, not specific personal experience. C. always corresponding to past events that actually happened. D. involving mental time travel.

D

Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, Sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw about ____ percent of the 12 letters in the display. A. 12 B. 36 C. 65 D. 82

D

Val has just been hired as a new professor at UNC and is attending a faculty party where she will meet her new colleagues for the first time. Her department chair takes her around to small groups to introduce her. At the first group, Val meets 4 people and is told their first names. The same thing happens for a 2nd and 3rd group. At the 4th group, Val is told their names and that one woman is in charge of the department budgets. After the party, Val realizes she only remembers the names of the 1st four people she met and that the last woman handles budgets. This experience demonstrates A. the phonological similarity effect. B. the cocktail party phenomenon. C. a partial-report procedure. D. a build up and release of proactive interference.

D

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory? A. Events that are repeated enough can influence our behavior, even after we have forgotten the original events. B. People who were sad when they studied did better when they were sad during testing. C. Information enters memory by passing through a number of levels, beginning with sensory memory, then short-term memory, then long-term memory. D. Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

D

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that A. LTM can operate normally while STM is impaired. B. impairment of one memory system (LTM or STM) necessarily leads to deficits in the functioning of the other. C. a double dissociation exists for STM and LTM. D. STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired.

D