PSYC 2314 Chapter 6 Test

Attachment theorists believe that children are at risk for future social and personality problems if they do not form a close relationship with a caregiver by the age of: 6 months. 2 years. 3 months. 1 year.

2 years.

Which is the best comparison of Freud's and Erikson's views of personality development in the first 2 years? In Freud's view, development is a series of stages involving integration of individual needs with social demands; Erikson denied the importance of individual needs. Freud's theory states that individuals can become fixated at early developmental stages, while Erikson denies this possibility. In Freud's view, social relationships are based solely on nursing practices; Erikson believed they were based on weaning practices. Freud's theory emphasizes psychosexual development, while Erikson's theory emphasizes psychosocial development.

Freud's theory emphasizes psychosexual development, while Erikson's theory emphasizes psychosocial development.

Which statement about attachment patterns across cultures is accurate? Insecure attachments are much more common in cultures that stress traditional gender roles. Sensitive caregiving and secure attachments occur across different cultures. Secure attachments are more likely in cultures where infants have one caregiver. Differences in caregiving patterns do not much influence security of attachment.

Sensitive caregiving and secure attachments occur across different cultures.

Which statement about temperament is accurate? Temperamental differences between boys and girls appear to be larger than previously thought. Some studies indicate that early temperamental traits are unchanged even in adulthood. Temperament appears to be largely unaffected by heredity and dependent mainly on environment. A child's temperament does not become evident until age 2 or 3.

Some studies indicate that early temperamental traits are unchanged even in adulthood.

Sometimes Tanner's mother lovingly responds to his needs; other times, she seems to ignore him or responds slowly. Which is the most likely outcome for Tanner? Tanner will show an ambivalent pattern of attachment. Tanner will show an avoidant pattern of attachment. Tanner will show a disorganized pattern of attachment. Tanner will show a resistant pattern of attachment.

Tanner will show an ambivalent pattern of attachment.

A researcher places a spot on a baby's nose then lets the baby look in a mirror to see if she touches the mirror or her own nose. What is the researcher testing? The baby's level of attachment The baby's temperament The baby's level of self-awareness The baby's emotional availability

The baby's level of self-awareness

Which statement about studying the effects of nonparental care on development is accurate? The effect of nonparental care on infant development is difficult to determine because there are many types of nonparental care arrangements. The effect of nonparental care on infant development is difficult to determine because there are no clear statistics on how many infants are in day care. The effect of nonparental care on infant development is easily determined simply by comparing babies in day care to those cared for by their parents. The effect of nonparental care on infant development is easily determined simply by comparing babies who are cared for by their grandparents to those cared for by their parents.

The effect of nonparental care on infant development is difficult to determine because there are many types of nonparental care arrangements.

Which of the following is a sign that an infant has become attached to a particular person? The infant smiles and coos when a stranger picks her up. The infant behaves calmly when that person leaves the room. The infant cries loudly when she is hungry. The infant resists being separated from that person.

The infant resists being separated from that person.

Research seems to suggest that, compared to their home-reared peers, children who entered nonparental care during infancy are more likely to exhibit independence. paranoia. aggression. sociability.

aggression.

Compared to children who are cared for exclusively by parents, children in nonparental day care are more likely to exhibit secure attachment. display "easy" temperaments. have higher IQ scores. be overweight.

be overweight.

Mariposa is upset about a magazine article she read that claimed infants in day care are less likely to be securely attached to their mothers. She is concerned because her own son is in day care 5 days per week. You correctly tell her that temperament and attachment are almost exclusively products of heredity, so she need not worry herself. both positive and negative differences between children in day care and their home-reared peers are small. she can easily reverse the negative impact of exposing her child to day care by removing him from the center. she should find a good child psychologist and immediately make an appointment for her son.

both positive and negative differences between children in day care and their home-reared peers are small.

Miguel is trying to make a tower of three blocks. Though it takes him several attempts, he continues with his task until he succeeds. It appears that Miguel has a high level of: anxiety. sociability. positive emotionality. effortful control.

effortful control.

Compared with mothers, fathers are more likely to engage in physical play with their infant children. sing and read to their babies. encourage cognitive development in their infant children. talk to and smile at their babies.

engage in physical play with their infant children.

Danitra's mother returns to the playroom after a short absence. If Danitra is securely attached to her mother, she will most likely ignore her mother and continue playing. demand that her mother hold her for an extended time. cry and protest her mother's return. greet her mother with a hug and then return to playing.

greet her mother with a hug and then return to playing.

Sociable and independent adolescents were most likely to have been weaned at a relatively early age. securely attached to their mothers in infancy. routinely left with strangers as infants. raised at home by two parents.

securely attached to their mothers in infancy.