PSYC 3160 EXAM 2

Which behavior pattern is NOT listed in DSM-5 as an obsessive-compulsive-related disorder? A) Agoraphobia B) Body dysmorphic disorder C) Trichotillomania D) Hoarding disorder

A) Agoraphobia

Which therapy is an effective long-term, nonpharmacologic treatment for panic attack that involves teaching patients to interpret their physical sensations accurately? A) Cognitive-behavioral B) Biological C) Humanistic D) Psychodynamic

A) Cognitive-behavioral

Which perspective focuses on the intersection and context of important factors at key points of time throughout a person's lifespan? A) Developmental psychopathology B) Cognitive C) Psychodynamic D) Evolutionary

A) Developmental psychopathology

Which is NOT one of the three categories of clinical assessment techniques used by mental health professionals? A) Interventions B) Tests C) Observations D) Clinical interviews

A) Interventions

When Logan was 5 years old, he was playing with a stuffed bunny when a burglar broke into his home. Now, as an adult, Logan is terrified of rabbits. Why do cognitive-behavioral theorists believe Logan still dreads rabbits, even though he should know by now that they are harmless? A) Logan never got close enough to rabbits to learn they are actually harmless. B) Logan's brain has been rewired by his childhood trauma. C) Fearing rabbits protects Logan from confronting real threats in the world. D) Logan's fear has been transmitted genetically through an evolutionary process.

A) Logan never got close enough to rabbits to learn they are actually harmless.

Panic disorder appears to be related to abnormal activity of which neurotransmitter? A) Norepinephrine B) Epinephrine C) Serotonin D) Endorphin

A) Norepinephrine

What is the biggest difference between those individuals with body dysmorphic disorder and those individuals who are unhappy with their appearance? A) People with body dysmorphic disorder may severely limit their contact with other people. B) People with body dysmorphic disorder worry about their appearance. C) People with body dysmorphic disorder must consider suicide to get a diagnosis. D) People with body dysmorphic disorder would change something about their appearance if they could.

A) People with body dysmorphic disorder may severely limit their contact with other people.

_____ follows clear-cut stressful events, whereas _____ seems to be a response to internal factors. A) Reactive depression; endogenous depression B) Cyclothymic disorder; reactive depression C) Postpartum depression; cyclothymic depression D) Major depressive disorder; persistent depressive disorder

A) Reactive depression; endogenous depression

According to cognitive-behavioral theorists, why do patients engage in compulsive behaviors? A) Those behaviors reduce anxiety and are thus negatively reinforced. B) They have been punished in the past for engaging in the compulsive behaviors. C) They need a higher level of anxiety than average to be productive. D) They are irrational thinkers.

A) Those behaviors reduce anxiety and are thus negatively reinforced.

What is the scientific name for hair-pulling disorder? A) Trichotillomania B) Musomania C) Traumatomania D) Gephyromania

A) Trichotillomania

Those with an anxiety disorder are MOST likely to experience: A) a second anxiety disorder. B) periods of mania. C) another type of psychiatric disorder. D) hallucinations.

A) a second anxiety disorder.

If a biochemical imbalance were the cause of a person's depression, the latest research would lead us to expect to find that person to have: A) an abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters, especially serotonin and norepinephrine. B) especially high levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine and their metabolites. C) particularly low levels of the neurotransmitters cortisol and melatonin, as measured by their metabolites. D) an absence of the neurotransmitters cortisol and serotonin.

A) an abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters, especially serotonin and norepinephrine.

Graduate school personnel review applying students' test scores, college grades, and relevant experience to determine who will be granted admission. This is similar to a clinician engaging in: A) assessment. B) diagnosis. C) treatment. D) classification.

A) assessment.

Talking rapidly, dressing flamboyantly, and getting involved in dangerous activities are _____ symptoms of mania. A) behavioral B) Motivational C) Cognitive D) Emotional

A) behavioral

DSM-5 is the first edition of the DSM that requires clinicians to provide: A) both categorical information and dimensional information. B) only categorical information. C) only dimensional information. D) neither categorical information nor dimensional information.

A) both categorical information and dimensional information.

A friend who has unipolar depression says, "I can't do anything right. Nobody will ever love me again." This statement reflects a(n): A) cognitive symptom. B) behavioral symptom. C) emotional symptom. D) motivational symptom.

A) cognitive symptom.

A psychotherapist models appropriate social skills for a client with social anxiety disorder, then uses modeling for another client with a phobia for spiders. What the therapist is doing is: A) common; modeling is often used in the treatment of these kinds of disorders. B) uncommon; modeling is often used in the treatment of social anxiety disorders but seldom used in the treatment of specific phobias. C) uncommon; modeling is seldom used in the treatment of social anxiety disorders but commonly used in the treatment of specific phobias. D) rare; modeling is seldom used in the treatment of these kinds of disorders.

A) common; modeling is often used in the treatment of these kinds of disorders.

In the United States, the highest depression rate is found in: A) divorced people. B) married people. C) widowed people. D) never-married people.

A) divorced people.

Abnormal "ion activity" has been found in many people suffering from bipolar disorder. This ion activity is responsible for transmitting messages: A) down the length of a neuron. B) from one neuron to another neuron. C) from a neuron to a muscle or gland. D) down the length of a muscle.

A) down the length of a neuron.

Compared with projective tests, personality inventories: A) have greater test-retest reliability. B) are less standardized. C) have lower reliability. D) are more difficult to administer and evaluate.

A) have greater test-retest reliability.

A new test for anxiety shows consistent levels of anxiety across time for people, but very few people have taken the test, and accurate norms do not exist. The test has: A) high reliability but inadequate standardization. B) high reliability and adequate standardization. C) low reliability and inadequate standardization. D) low reliability but adequate standardization.

A) high reliability but inadequate standardization.

Antidepressants that are effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder serve to: A) increase serotonin activity in the brain. B) increase norepinephrine activity in the brain. C) increase the level of all brain neurotransmitters. D) decrease serotonin activity in the brain.

A) increase serotonin activity in the brain.

The statement "My girlfriend broke up with me because I am worthless" BEST reflects a(n): A) internal attribution. B) external attribution. C) unstable attribution. D) stable attribution.

A) internal attribution.

A young woman believes that everything negative that happens to her is her own fault, that she ruins everything, and that she always will. The therapist diagnoses her as suffering from a learned helplessness-induced depression because she attributes negative events in her life to: A) internal, global, stable factors. B) internal specific, stable factors. C) internal, global, unstable factors. D) internal, specific, unstable factors.

A) internal, global, stable factors.

The intolerance of uncertainty theory, states that individuals with generalized anxiety disorder are: A) likely to have difficulty tolerating the knowledge that a negative event may occur. B) likely to underestimate the chances that any positive event will occur. C) able to tolerate uncertainty only in mildly threatening events. D) able to tolerate uncertainty only in severely threatening events.

A) likely to have difficulty tolerating the knowledge that a negative event may occur.

Neurochemically, both unipolar depression and bipolar disorder are associated with: A) low serotonin activity. B) high serotonin activity. C) low dopamine activity. D) high dopamine activity.

A) low serotonin activity.

Studies have shown that the more _____ a person has, the more depressed he or she tends to be. A) maladaptive attitudes B) temper tantrums C) Friendships D) Behaviors

A) maladaptive attitudes

A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their power, is characteristic of: A) mania. B) dysthymia. C) depression. D) cyclothymia.

A) mania.

Cognitive-behavioral theorists explain depression in terms of a person's: A) negative interpretation of events. B) symbolic losses. C) decrease in positive activities. D) ethnic background.

A) negative interpretation of events.

Unipolar depression is depression that: A) occurs without periods of mania. B) stems from a single event in one's life. C) includes only extreme sadness as a symptom. D) occurs only in polar regions due to the lengthy absence of sunlight during winter.

A) occurs without periods of mania.

A person is sweating, experiencing shortness of breath, choking, feeling dizzy, and afraid of dying. Assuming this event is not a heart attack, but rather an indicator of anxiety disorder, it is MOST likely a: A) panic attack. B) phobia. C) obsessive-compulsive response. D) posttraumatic disorder.

A) panic attack.

The clinician who would be MOST likely to say, "Tell me about any early losses you experienced," is a: A) psychodynamic clinician. B) biological clinician. C) cognitive-behavioral clinician. D) sociocultural clinician.

A) psychodynamic clinician.

If a clinician wanted to know more detailed information about a person's functioning in a specific area, the clinician would use a: A) response inventory. B) Thematic Appreciation Test. C) measure of reliability. D) validity assessment.

A) response inventory.

The avoidance theory of generalized anxiety disorder suggests that worrying: A) serves to reduce bodily arousal. B) interferes with our ability to cope with life. C) keeps the focus on emotions, not cognitions. D) is an uncontrollable part of life.

A) serves to reduce bodily arousal.

Research studies evaluating how effective individual therapies are at treating particular disorders have commonly reported: A) significant differences among therapies. B) minor differences among therapies. C) no differences among therapies. D) no differences among therapies and placebo treatment.

A) significant differences among therapies.

If the idea of preparedness is accurate, then: A) some phobias should be acquired more easily than others. B) all phobias should diminish with treatment at about the same rate. C) animals and humans should have the same phobias. D) phobias should be less frequent in the modern era than in ancient times.

A) some phobias should be acquired more easily than others.

According to our text, the three "common factors" that contribute to a positive treatment outcome are client factors, therapist factors, and: A) the client-therapist relationship. B) evidence-based treatment. C) family involvement. D) treatment support.

A) the client-therapist relationship.

Which of these people is MOST likely to be diagnosed with depression? A) A man from Nigeria who is a new immigrant to the United States B) A woman from the United States who has lived in poverty all her life C) A boy from the United States in his early teens D) A girl from the United States who is of Hispanic descent

B) A woman from the United States who has lived in poverty all her life

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (presently DSM-5) was developed by the: A) American Psychoanalytic Association. B) American Psychiatric Association. C) American Psychological Association. D) American Phrenological Association.

B) American Psychiatric Association.

Juan is currently experiencing a period of sadness that has resulted in almost total immobility. He sits in a chair all day and almost never moves. His wife has to assist him in getting into bed at night. Which type of major depression would he MOST likely be diagnosed with? A) Seasonal B) Catatonic C) Recurrent D) Melancholic

B) Catatonic

A neurologist who was working with a person with obsessive-compulsive disorder would be suspicious of abnormality in which region of the brain? A) Hypothalamus B) Caudate nuclei C) Cerebral cortex D) Temporal lobe

B) Caudate nuclei

What is the BEST combination of treatments to treat obsessive-compulsive-related disorders? A) Client-centered therapies and exposure therapies B) Exposure therapies and antidepressant drugs C) Antidepressant drugs and biofeedback D) Biofeedback and relaxation training

B) Exposure therapies and antidepressant drugs

Which disorder may be categorized as seasonal if it changes with the seasons? A) Persistent depressive disorder B) Major depressive disorder C) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder D) Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

B) Major depressive disorder

Which statement BEST describes why treatment outcomes vary in clients? A) Success of treatment is largely dependent on the client's expectations regarding therapy. B) Many factors, both on the client side and on the clinician side, can affect therapy outcomes. C) A large number of clinicians do not use standardized rating scales to monitor client progress during therapy. D) Clients commonly try to self-medicate and manage their symptoms on their own rather than adhering to prescribed therapies.

B) Many factors, both on the client side and on the clinician side, can affect therapy outcomes.

Although initially thought to be due to an excessive amount of a particular neurotransmitter, mania has been found to be due to low levels of which neurotransmitter? A) Dopamine B) Serotonin C) Acetylcholine D) Norepinephrine

B) Serotonin

A new test for anxiety is initially given to individuals who are waiting to take introductory psychology final exams. Their scores are used as the norm. It is later determined that the new test lacks adequate standardization. What is the MOST likely reason based on this information? A) The test was initially administered to students, but in practice, it was administered to nonstudents as well. B) Students about to take an exam would likely be experiencing higher than normal anxiety. C) The initial test was administered before the students took their exams rather than after the exams. D) All of the students' initial scores were used in determining the norms for scoring the live tests.

B) Students about to take an exam would likely be experiencing higher than normal anxiety.

Which statement is TRUE regarding people experiencing mania? A) They are acutely aware of their domineering, excessive behaviors. B) They want excitement and companionship. C) They enthusiastically long for new friends but ignore old friends. D) They enthusiastically look for old friends but ignore new friends.

B) They want excitement and companionship.

Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a genetic predisposition for unipolar depression. These studies have found: A) a lower rate of unipolar depression among children of parents with this disorder. B) a higher than chance rate of depression among the families of depressed patients. C) high rates of unipolar depression among dizygotic twins but not among monozygotic twins. D) no compelling evidence for depression among relatives of a depressed individual.

B) a higher than chance rate of depression among the families of depressed patients.

Brody no longer enjoys his usual hobbies, talking to his friends, or even playing with his dog. In fact, Brody didn't even care when he learned that he was up for a promotion at work. This BEST describes someone with: A) fatalism. B) anhedonia. C) automatic thinking. D) dysregulation.

B) anhedonia.

The validity of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Test is BEST described as: A) highly valid. B) better than that of projective tests. C) about the same as that of projective tests. D) highly invalid.

B) better than that of projective tests.

The process of evaluating a person's progress after being in treatment is called a: A) nomothetic approach. B) clinical assessment. C) behavioral diagnosis. D) functional analysis.

B) clinical assessment.

A client complains of a phobia. Two lines of questioning by the clinician concern the specific object of the phobia and what the person does when confronted with that object. This clinician's orientation is MOST likely: A) biological. B) cognitive-behavioral. C) humanistic. D) sociocultural.

B) cognitive-behavioral.

If a person believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way he or she would like them to be, then they are displaying: A) meta-worry. B) irrational assumptions. C) compulsion. D) conditions of worth.

B) irrational assumptions.

One of the main problems in determining whether one's depression is endogenous or reactive is that: A) most people forget, or repress, the stressful events that may have led to their depression. B) it is unclear whether exposure to a stressor was a contributing factor or if it was a coincidence. C) people with depression often underreport being exposed to stressful events. D) it is virtually impossible to study endogenous factors that are linked to depression.

B) it is unclear whether exposure to a stressor was a contributing factor or if it was a coincidence.

A present-day clinician uses terms like dementia and mental retardation for diagnostic categories. That clinician is using terms: A) common to both DSM-5 and previous forms of the DSM. B) not used in DSM-5 but used in previous forms of the DSM. C) used in DSM-5 but not used in previous forms of the DSM. D) not used in either DSM-5 or in previous forms of the DSM.

B) not used in DSM-5 but used in previous forms of the DSM.

When the modeling approach is used to treat a phobia, the client: A) confronts the feared object directly. B) observes the therapist confronting the feared object. C) imagines the therapist confronting the feared object. D) imagines himself or herself confronting the feared object.

B) observes the therapist confronting the feared object.

One problem with animal studies of depression is that: A) animals have different brain structures compared to humans. B) one cannot be sure that depression-like symptoms in laboratory animals reflect human depression. C) it is much harder to control the environmental and genetic factors in animal studies than it is for human studies. D) animals cannot complete self-report instruments that are used to measure the symptoms of depression.

B) one cannot be sure that depression-like symptoms in laboratory animals reflect human depression.

A person who experiences unpredictable panic attacks combined with dysfunctional behavior and thoughts is probably experiencing: A) typical panic attacks. B) panic disorder. C) physiological damage. D) a normal response to stress.

B) panic disorder.

A test is constructed to identify people who will develop schizophrenia. Of the 100 people the test identifies, 93 show signs of developing schizophrenia within five years. The test may be said to have high: A) internal reliability. B) predictive validity. C) concurrent validity. D) test-retest reliability.

B) predictive validity.

Recent research using genetic linkage studies has looked for possible patterns of inheritance of bipolar disorders. The results suggest that: A) there does not appear to be a genetic component in the development of bipolar disorders. B) several different genes may establish a predisposition to develop bipolar disorders. C) the close relatives of people with bipolar disorders have an 80 percent chance of having one of these disorders. D) according to careful studies in other countries, environmental factors are of far greater importance than genetic factors in the development of bipolar disorders.

B) several different genes may establish a predisposition to develop bipolar disorders.

A client looks at a series of black-and-white pictures that show people in different scenarios. The clinician asks the client to make up a dramatic story to explain what is happening in each picture. The patient is taking: A) the Rorschach test. B) the Thematic Apperception Test. C) the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. D) an intelligence test.

B) the Thematic Apperception Test.

Having a negative view of one's experiences, self, and the future is what Beck referred to as: A) learned helplessness. B) the cognitive triad. C) the three-factor theory. D) dysfunctional object relations.

B) the cognitive triad.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding specific phobias? A) Many people have more than one phobia at a time. B) Repeated exposure to the object causes a gradual fear response. C) Women are more likely to have a specific phobia compared to men. D) People make elaborate efforts to avoid specific phobias.

B) Repeated exposure to the object causes a gradual fear response.

Which thought is consistent with the thinking of someone who has social anxiety disorder? A) "I'm glad I can use my notes during my speech. There's no way I could have remembered all of these details." B) "I don't want to give that presentation tomorrow. No one even listens during those meetings." C) "I can't go on that business lunch with my boss. I'd spill food on myself and look like an idiot." D) "I'm not going out this weekend. I've had enough people interactions this week."

C) "I can't go on that business lunch with my boss. I'd spill food on myself and look like an idiot."

On average, patients receiving therapy for a psychological problem improve more than do _____ percent of people with similar problems who do not receive treatment. A) 0 B) 25 C) 75 D) 100

C) 75

What is a compulsion? A) A thought, idea, impulse, or image that seem to invade a person's consciousness B) A strong fear that influences anxiety C) A repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that people feel they must perform D) A thought that a person cannot get out of their head

C) A repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that people feel they must perform

Which theoretical position explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditioning? A) Biological B) Sociocultural C) Behavioral D) Psychodynamic

C) Behavioral

A decrease in social rewards, especially a decrease in social support such as that found in a happy marriage, may precede the onset of depression, providing evidence for which theoretical perspectives? A) Psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral B) Biological and psychodynamic C) Cognitive-behavioral and sociocultural D) Sociocultural and biological

C) Cognitive-behavioral and sociocultural

What is one important way obsessions and compulsions are related? A) Compulsions are a way to prevent obsessions from occurring. B) Obsessions generally lead to violent or immoral compulsions. C) Compulsions help people control their obsessions. D) Obsessions are not related to compulsions.

C) Compulsions help people control their obsessions.

Avery, a 28-year-old woman, tells her therapist that she has an intense fear of snakes. She says she has been afraid of snakes since she was a child. Which additional criterion would suggest that Avery meets the diagnostic criteria for a specific phobia? A) Feelings of anxiousness when looking at images of snakes B) Occasional dreams that involve snakes C) Refusal to go to certain places where she believes snakes could be present, such as the lake D) Feelings that the world would be better off without snakes

C) Refusal to go to certain places where she believes snakes could be present, such as the lake

Which structure is a distinct part of the depression-related brain circuit? A) Hippocampus B) Amygdala C) Subgenual cingulate D) Prefrontal cortex

C) Subgenual cingulate

Which is NOT a component of social anxiety disorder, according to research by cognitive theorists? A) Repeatedly reviewing social events after they have occurred B) Thinking one has social flaws, which leads to anxiety C) Underestimating how badly a social event actually went D) Overestimating how badly things might go during a social event

C) Underestimating how badly a social event actually went

If we ultimately find that people with unipolar depression have certain biochemical characteristics that predispose them to certain cognitive characteristics that are exacerbated by certain life stressors, then we will have evidence that: A) a single factor causes depression. B) different factors cause depression in different people. C) an interaction between factors causes depression. D) different factors are related to the cause, course, and treatment of depression.

C) an interaction between factors causes depression.

Researchers believe that panic disorder is biologically different from generalized anxiety disorder, based on differences in the: A) way the amygdala works in each disorder. B) alarm and escape response in the brain. C) brain circuitry involved in the two disorders. D) heritability of the two disorders.

C) brain circuitry involved in the two disorders.

Françoise is depressed. Her therapist asks her about her daily experiences, focusing on how often people say nice things to her. Her therapist MOST likely has a: A) humanistic orientation. B) biological orientation. C) cognitive-behavioral orientation. D) biochemical orientation.

C) cognitive-behavioral orientation.

If a new test for assessing anorexic tendencies produces scores comparable to those of other tests for assessing anorexic tendencies, then the new test has high: A) predictive validity. B) standardization criteria. C) concurrent validity. D) interjudge reliability.

C) concurrent validity.

The disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms is called: A) hypomanic-depressive disorder. B) dysthymic disorder. C) cyclothymic disorder. D) manic-depressive disorder.

C) cyclothymic disorder.

The evidence MOST problematic for the psychodynamic explanations of depression is that: A) studies have shown a link between neurotransmitters and depression. B) dogs that had learned to be helpless displayed symptoms of depression. C) depression affects people who had their childhood needs met and who did not suffer a loss early in life. D) infant monkeys that were "raised" by a surrogate mother covered in terry cloth showed depressive symptoms when separated from the "mother."

C) depression affects people who had their childhood needs met and who did not suffer a loss early in life.

Therapies that have received clear research support are called: A) meta-analyses. B) idiographic. C) evidence-based. D) outcome complex.

C) evidence-based.

An example of an emotional symptom of depression is: A) not wanting to eat. B) having a negative view of oneself. C) feeling sad and angry. D) staying in bed for hours during the day.

C) feeling sad and angry.

A client factor that helps result in positive treatment outcome is: A) educational attainment. B) income level. C) high motivation. D) discipline.

C) high motivation.

A person's attempt to eliminate unwanted thoughts by thinking or behaving in ways that put matters right internally is called: A) reinforcing. B) increasing. C) neutralizing. D) clarifying.

C) neutralizing.

If a therapist gave a client homework that required the client to challenge faulty assumptions and replace them with healthier ones, the therapist would be using: A) cognitive-existential therapy. B) client-centered therapy. C) rational-emotive therapy. D) acceptance and commitment therapy.

C) rational-emotive therapy.

The loss of a valued object that is unconsciously interpreted as the loss of a loved one is referred to as: A) tertiary loss. B) projected loss. C) symbolic loss. D) indirect loss.

C) symbolic loss.

Which piece of evidence, if found, would MOST STRONGLY refute Beck's assumptions about depression? A) A cross-cultural study showing that the symptoms of depression differ across cultures B) A study from molecular biology showing that specific genes are linked to depression C) A well-designed case study about an individual who is depressed but does not engage in negative thinking D) A well-designed experiment with external validity showing that people who engage in negative thinking do not become depressed

D) A well-designed experiment with external validity showing that people who engage in negative thinking do not become depressed

A person is diagnosed as having severe generalized anxiety disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder represents which part of the diagnosis? A) Primary information B) Additional information C) Dimensional information D) Categorical information

D) Categorical information

Which of the following is NOT a physical symptom of depression? A) Sleeping poorly B) Eating less frequently C) Experiencing frequent headaches D) Feeling sad and dejected

D) Feeling sad and dejected

In general, object relations theorists follow which theoretical perspective? A) Cognitive-behavioral B) Humanistic C) Existential D) Psychodynamic

D) Psychodynamic

Which theoretical model is best supported by the finding that losses that happen early in life, such as the death of a father, are associated with depression later in life? A) Humanistic B) Biochemical C) Cognitive-behavioral D) Psychodynamic

D) Psychodynamic

Which statement is MOST accurate? A) The DSM has remained largely unchanged since its first edition. B) The DSM was originally developed by the World Health Organization. C) The DSM served as the model for the classification system that Emile Kraepelin later developed. D) The classification system that Emil Kraepelin developed served as the model for the DSM.

D) The classification system that Emil Kraepelin developed served as the model for the DSM.

Which brain areas have been implicated in obsessive-compulsive symptoms? A) The frontal lobes and the thalamus B) The thalamus and the hypothalamus C) The motor cortex and the caudate nuclei D) The orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate nuclei

D) The orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate nuclei

Sophie stated that she is deeply saddened by the recent death of her grandmother. José thinks that Sophie is suffering from unipolar depression because of this event. Which statement MOST strongly refutes José's assumption? A) Unipolar depression is rarely triggered by uncontrollable losses. B) Unipolar depression is often accompanied by periods of mania after someone loses a loved one. C) Unipolar depression is often diagnosed shortly after a person experiences the loss of a loved one. D) Unipolar depression differs from the relatively short-lived sadness we feel from the loss of a loved one.

D) Unipolar depression differs from the relatively short-lived sadness we feel from the loss of a loved one.

To receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode, melancholic, an individual must display: A) repeated depressive episodes. B) fluctuations in mood during the year. C) motor immobility or excessive activity. D) almost no emotional response to pleasurable events.

D) almost no emotional response to pleasurable events.

Eldon occasionally has a racing heartbeat. When this happens, he panics and thinks he is going to die. Gradually, he has developed panic attacks if he even thinks that his heart is beating strongly. Eldon apparently has a high degree of: A) fear. B) anxiety. C) obsessive imagery. D) anxiety sensitivity.

D) anxiety sensitivity.

Both of Nolan's parents suffered from depression and were generally unresponsive to his needs when he was a child. When Nolan was 9, his house burned down due to an electrical problem, but he blamed himself for the event. As a young adult, Nolan was diagnosed with depression shortly after his divorce. This example best illustrates the _____ perspective. A) Biological B) Psychodynamic C) Sociocultural D) developmental psychopathology

D) developmental psychopathology

Among other questions, a clinical interviewer asks, "How do you feel about yourself today? How do you feel about what's going on in your life?" MOST likely, the clinical interviewer's orientation is: A) biological. B) cognitive-behavioral. C) psychodynamic. D) humanistic.

D) humanistic.

A phobic person is taken to a snake-handling convention to confront snakes as part of desensitization training. This is an example of the _____ technique. A) Covert B) Modeling C) fear hierarchical D) in vivo

D) in vivo

An older person retires and begins experiencing health problems. Consequently, the person loses contact with old friends and becomes unpleasant to be around. A cognitive-behaviorist would explain the resulting depression in terms of: A) learned helplessness. B) object relations loss. C) sociocultural changes. D) loss of positive social rewards.

D) loss of positive social rewards.

A therapist's preferred method of assessing abnormal behavior is to watch clients in their everyday environments and record their activities and behaviors. This approach is known as: A) self-monitoring. B) battery observation. C) analog observation. D) naturalistic observation.

D) naturalistic observation.

Unlike unipolar depression, bipolar disorder is associated with high _____ activity. A) GABA B) Dopamine C) Serotonin D) norepinephrine

D) norepinephrine

Antidepressant drugs are frequently effective in treating panic attacks. This disorder is related to levels of the neurotransmitter: A) GABA. B) dopamine. C) acetylcholine. D) norepinephrine.

D) norepinephrine.

A woman experiences recurrent thoughts of suicide, great sadness, and sleep disturbances. These symptoms began a week after she gave birth and have lasted more than 6 months. This woman is experiencing: A) the "baby blues." B) postpartum psychosis. C) hormone withdrawal syndrome. D) peripartum depression.

D) peripartum depression.

A clinician has developed a test that requires test-takers to tell stories about a series of pictures of city skylines. MOST likely, this new test is a: A) neuropsychological test. B) personality inventory. C) response inventory. D) projective test.

D) projective test.

The neurotransmitters associated with unipolar depression are: A) dopamine and acetylcholine. B) dopamine and glutamine. C) serotonin and GABA. D) serotonin and norepinephrine.

D) serotonin and norepinephrine.

People with _____ have severe, persistent, and irrational anxiety about social or performance situations in which they may face scrutiny by others and possibly feel embarrassment. A) specific phobias B) generalized anxiety disorder C) Agoraphobia D) social anxiety disorder

D) social anxiety disorder

The type of clinician who would be MOST likely to say, "Tell me about the quality of mutual support you receive from your marriage," is a: A) psychodynamic clinician. B) biological clinician. C) cognitive-behavioral clinician. D) sociocultural clinician.

D) sociocultural clinician.

According to DSM-5, all of the following are considered symptoms of a manic episode EXCEPT: A) distractibility. B) inflated self-esteem. C) decreased need for sleep. D) suicidal ideation.

D) suicidal ideation.

Dylan is suffering from arachnophobia. His therapist first has him go through relaxation training, and then has him construct a fear hierarchy. Finally, the therapist has Dylan go through a phase of graded pairings of spiders and relaxation responses. This approach is called: A) modeling. B) flooding. C) implosive therapy. D) systematic desensitization.

D) systematic desensitization.

To receive a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder with dysthymic syndrome, an individual must have experienced symptoms for at least: A) two weeks. B) two months. C) one year. D) two years.

D) two years.

A meta-worry is demonstrated by someone who: A) worries about all possible signs of danger. B) worries about not worrying enough. C) thinks about worrying. D) worries about worrying.

D) worries about worrying.

A major limitation of treating generalized anxiety disorder with antipsychotic medication is that these medications: A) do not alter the activity of dopamine. B) simply are not effective. C) increase panic attacks. D) can produce serious side effects.

D) can produce serious side effects.

GABA acts by: A) increasing neuronal firing in the brain. B) doubling of the rate of neuronal firing. C) intensifying the strength of neuronal firing. D) inhibiting neuronal firing in the brain.

D) inhibiting neuronal firing in the brain.