Psyc 351 Final Exam

The US is the most individualistic culture in the world. Please explain how the US socializes people into individualism at the "idea" level and the "institutional" level. First, define an individualistic mindset and give an example of how American ideas or ideologies orient people towards an individualistic mindset, and an example of how institutional practices orient people into an individualistic mindset.

"Individualistic mindset can be seen as being on your own instead of relying on your cultures group. An individualistic mindset is focusing on one's personal goals, being unique and not being afraid to stand out/speak up. An individualistic mindset means that their priority is their own personal success, abilities, benefits, and growth. An American ide/ideology that represents an individualistic mindset is the idea that children should become more independent from their family members and move out of the home (possibly out of the state) An example of institutional practice is the American educational system's tendency to favor independent motives. A more specific example is having high school graduates wear different colored gowns, showing higher or lower GPA (social comparison). Another example is the importance of sports, where athletes are expected to compete with each other as well as excel in their athleticism"

Members of minority groups and/or people from working-class backgrounds may socialize their children into an interdependent mindset. Please define an interdependent mindset and give an example of a way in which parents may socialize their children into an interdependent mindset.

"The interdependent mindset is a mindset that takes into account the aspect of other people. People who have an interdependent mindset think of themselves in relations to others. The self is connected with the social context and changes depending on the context. The job for the self in the interdependent mindset is to fit-in and engage in the right action to fit others' needs. They would describe themselves with the statements, "I am a a daughter" or "I am a sister". Parents socialize their children into an interdependent mindset by showing how important the family is. Many families with an interdependent mindset eat meals together and wait for everyone to have their food before eating. Additionally, many parents may let their children sleep with them and not make them move out at 18.

1) Please explain what was the IV and DV in the Asch experiment. 2) Please explain how the Asch experiment built on Sherif's findings.

1) IV = whether everyone in the group gave the incorrect answer. DV = whether the participant conformed with the groups' answers when they all gave the incorrect one. 2) Serif found that people are more likely to conform when the situation is ambiguous. Building off of that idea of informational conformity, Asch's experiments studied what would happen if the situation was not ambiguous, but obvious.

Everyone in your group thinks that one answer is correct but you are not sure. According to Solomon Asch's research on conformity, you will be most likely to "go along with the group" if you are working with ______Blank other people.

5

In Solomon Asch's study on conformity, the confederates in the room gave the wrong answer to the task on 12 of 16 trials (or 75%). This resulted in the participants going along with the wrong answer on at least one trial ______Blank percent of the time.

76

The most rigorous and methodologically complex kind of review article is

A meta analysis examining the size of correlation or effects across many different studies

Explain and provide evidence (i.e., an example of a study) for the Evolutionary approach to emotions. Please be sure to define the theory and pick a study that best supports the theory

An evolutionary approach to emotions is an approach that has evolved over time. It's a universal perspective of every basic emotion a human obtains. With this approach it supports the idea that we have the ability to read all of the basic emotions from every culture by looking at their face. These emotions are a reaction from our body's fight or flight which the emotions can help protect us. Evidence is from Paul Ekman's study. He asked a young woman to create different emotions, to hold it for a couple of seconds, and then asked her how she felt. Depending on the face she was making she could feel sadness or maybe even think of past memories. This process happens because we tap into our emotional circuits in the body and brain that gets us ready for flight or fight. This is the idea that every human has the same emotional expressions and we will be able to tell what they are feeling because humans are the same species.

When we sense that aspects of the self are threatened and we also experience a high sense of certainty and control we are more likely to feel which emotion?

Anger

Facing an uncertain existential threat is associated with which emotion?

Anxiety

Suppose you wanted your friend Stephen to feel like a more assertive person. According to research on_______ you should ask him to think of _________ times in the past when he acted in an assertive manner.

Availability heuristic; 3

How do you solve conflict based on realistic conflict theory and social identity theory?

Based on the realistic conflict theory in order to resolve conflict between groups, both of the groups need to come together as one group. It is important for them to all work together rather than compete and work against each other. They have to also create a goal for both of the groups, a superordinate goal. This type of goal requires both groups to work together to complete the same goal that is worth finishing for all of them. By cooperating togeter, they will be able to achieve their superordinate goal. Based on the social identity theory in order to resolve conflict between people, they all need to come to an understanding that they are included in something bigger. They are a part of a bigger group compared to what group they already are in. The main idea is to become a superordinate group in order to come together and not have conflict with one another. If all the people from all groups think of themselves as all Americans instead separate little groups based on their ethnicity then that can help resolve conflict.

Why are people more likely to like people who like them back?

Because people tend to seek reciprocity in friendships.

Why was the Pac-Man game we played in class not a good example of a stereotype threat

Because students in the class didn't care about their performance in the game

At what age will transgender children first feel cognitive dissonance in relation to their gender?

Between the 2nd and 3rd year of life

Which college slogan is the least likely to evoke a cultural mismatch in first generation a. CSLUB: Go beach b. Sarah Lawrence College: Connecting passions. Creating futures. c. Chapman University: experiment boldly. Act thoughtfullyd. CSUF: we are the titan family

CSUF: we are the Titan Family

Please give an example of a theory discussed in class that helps explain the ongoing killing of POC people by the police

Cognitive Dissonance can help explain this issue. This will be in the perspective of an officer. When an officer is making an arrest, they believe that what they are doing is for the best. When someone becomes an officer they promise to fight and protect the people. They believe that what they are doing is right. So when an officer finds himself treating a black man with aggression and force, he sees it as it being okay. Once the officer sees people on the side yelling at him that he is mistreating the black man, the officer would then feel cognitive dissonance. He will wonder if what he is doing is actually wrong but because he believes deep down he is doing the right thing, he will choose to continue with the way he is treating the black man. That way the officer no longer feels dissonance. However, by continuing to mistreat the man, it possibly leads to killing him. Schemas also explain it because if an officer associates big and muscular with scary and a black man he is trying to arrest but is unarmed is muscular and big, the officer will feel he is threatened and will use force and a gun when unessecary.

Behavior that provides a specific advantage or disadvantage to a person based solely on that individual's membership in a particular group is called ______

Discrimination

In the Stereotypes Content Model, more ambivalence in stereotypes are associated with societies high on

Economic inequalities

How can emotions help with thinking?

Emotions facilitate memory of past events that match one's current emotional state

According to Allport (1954), which are the conditions essential to reducing prejudice between members of different groups?

Equal status, Cooperation, Common Goals, and Support by Social and Institutional Authorities

Because upper-class white men are not an oppressed group in society they do not experience stereotype threat

False

T of F: Milgram was influenced by the trial of Hitler

False

T or F: The stanford experiment was a true experiment.

False

Women in Poland experience stereotype threat when doing math problems.

False

Describe an experiment that used the hypocrisy paradigm. Explain how the experimenter invoked a sense of hypocracy in participants

For an experiment about water conservation, an experimenter had four different conditions and one of them being hypocrisy. The experimenter invoked hypocrisy in the participants by first having them do a survey which was supposed to make them become aware that they have wasted water before. Then they had the participants write their name on a flyer that said to conserve water which portrayed them making a commitment as well to conserve water. Then, as the participants took a shower they were aware of how they have not been great at conserving water but they are in favor for water conservation. So, they experienced dissonance because their actions were not consistent with their beliefs. Therefore, they ended up turning off the water while showering to help save water. The participants in the hypocrisy condition changed their actions in order for their cognition to be consistent.

Members of which country is the least likely to have an independent view of the self?

Guatemala

You are chatting with a stranger in a coffee shop. Every time you ask him something about himself, he talks about associations to which he belongs to and clubs he has joined. He rarely talks about his own attributes. Which of the following best describes him?

He has an interdependent view of the self

Your friend recently entered a few singing competitions but lost all of them. If he has an entity theory of self, what is he most likely to believe?

He has bad singing genes

Bushman and Baumeister found that students who rated ___________ were more likely to become exceptionally aggressive after criticism

High on narcissism

stereotype threat study: IV, DV, Results

IV: a. gender > male and female b. test characterization > presence or no presence of gender differences DV: a. performance on math test b. how much time the participants spent working on the test Results: a. Women did not perform well compared to men when participants were told that the test had gender differences. b. Women performed equally as men when participants were told that the test did not have gender differences. c. Men spent more time taking the test compared to women. d. A test sensitive to gender differences resulted in women not performing well, however, a test insensitive to gender differences resulted in women performing equally as men did. These results portray that women's math performance is not due to gender differences but is because of stereotype threat. It shows that if we can get rid of this stereotype threat that women's math abilities are judged, then it can help women perform better in math.

Cognitive Dissonance Study: IV, DV, Results

IV= a. mindfulness b. commitment to water conservation -mindful and commitment (hypocrisy) -only mindful -only committed -not mindful and not committed DV= water usage results: All subjects were aware that they have wasted water before and they were all in favor of conserving water. All groups except for the control group significantly turn the shower off, however, for the control group they significantly don't turn the shower off. This portrays that when you have higher amounts of dissonance in a hypocrisy condition then the more likely you are to change your thoughts or behavior to conserve water in different conditions. From the experiment all groups except for the control group were equally as likely to turn off the water while taking a shower. The same three groups commitment, mindfulness, and hypocrisy all took about the same amount of time to shower. These three groups conserved water. Subjects from mindful only and commitment only may have felt dissonance during the survey or writing their name on the flyer. So they were motivated to change their behavior to conserve water while being or not being aware of wasting water in the past. For the subjects in the hypocrisy condition, they felt the most dissonance because they turned the water off and took a shorter shower. For mindful only and commitment only they did conserve water but not as significant because they didn't take as short of a shower, therefore, not feeling as much dissonance leading to not as great efforts to save water.

The Facebook study had several ethical concerns. Which one was the main one?

It did not use a consent form

What is one of the main problems with the Implicit Association Test?

It is pretty good at identifying racism but not other kinds of prejudice, It doesn't have a strong relationship with how people actually behave

How does stereotype threat lead to underperformance?

It leads to intrusive thoughts that make the working memory less efficient

Two pioneering psychologists in the area of Attachment Theory:

John Bowlby & Mary Ainsworth

The tendency to favour the in-group and discriminate against the out-group is

Motivated at least in part by the desire to enhance self-esteem.

According to the research that asked Kenyans to fill out the 20-statements test, which group used the most inner attributes in their descriptions of themselves

Nairobi undergraduate students

People who go along with the crowd because they are concerned about what others think of them are demonstrating which of the following?

Normative conformity

In terms of dissonance theory, what is the primary reason that "we" (our side) often dehumanizes "them," the enemy, seeing them as animals, brutes, or monsters?

Our side has treated the enemy brutally and needs to justify these actions

What is the human brain very good at?

People are good at thinking in narratives that include agents and actions

What finding from research on couple relationships supports the matching hypothesis?

People tend to marry others who are similar in age, education, and social class.

What have partial and modified replications of Milgram's obedience study, such as those conducted by Burger in 2009, found?

People today responded much like they did a half century ago.

If you've just recently moved to a new city and know few people, who are you likely to become friends with?

People who live near you

Rafael has joined the Spanish Club at his school. According to the social identity theory, what is Rafael likely to do when he meets individuals from the German Club or French Club and defines them as outgroup members?

Rafael will compare the two groups and exaggerate the similarities amongst outgroup members

What does this item aim to measure? " "What our country really needs is a a strong, determined leader who will crush evil, and take us back to our true path."

Right Wing Authoritarianism

Mordechai lives in a neighborhood where nearly every home is owned by other orthodox Jewish families. He is very upset when he finds out that a house on his block has been purchased by a family who is Catholic. He feels that Jewish families are better than others, and does not want this family to live on his block. Mordechai is demonstrating a ________ .

Social Dominance Orientation , Subtle discrimination

How does Social Identity Theory help explain gender development in children?

Social identity theory helps explain gender development in children by when once a child understands that they are a part of a particular gender group, boy or girl, they figure out how to act according to their gender. The child will watch their father or mother as a model in to understanding what boys do or girls do. Then they dislike their out group so boys will not like girls because they categorize girls as their outgroup. Whereas girls will dislike boys since they categorize them as their outgroup. The in group will devaluate the out group to feel better about themselves. When they get older, they will want to socialize with each other.

belonging to college: Study 1 IV, DV, Results Study 2 IV, DV, Results

Study 1 IV: a. respondent characteristics > gender & race b. type of institution > public, private, liberal arts. DV: whether the university was characterized as more independent or interdependent culture results: vast majority ofadministrators at first-tier national and liberal arts universitiesand colleges reported that their institutions emphasize culturalnorms of independence more than norms of interdependence. Leaders of higher education in America—deans, administrators in the provost office, and academicprogram directors—perceive the independent model of self tobe culturally normative in their institutions. Tendency to characterize university culture as more independent than interdependent did not vary by respondents characteristics or institution. suggest that the ideas and practices of the independentcultural model (e.g., paving one's own pathways) are bothpervasive and widely promoted in the American universityculture. Study 2- IV:

In a few words, explain the difference between system 1 and system 2 thinking. Give an example of when you (or a person you know) used system 1 thinking

System 1 is like one's intuition, there is not much effort being done. It is something that just happens. The ideas come to mind on its own and it is automatic. System 2 is executive control and it does take effort. You also think of what you will do. System 1 example: picking out an outfit. System 2 example: trying to solve a multi-step math problem. System 1 is about skillful behavior and system 2 is when you must make complex decisions.

What did Claude Steele notice when he was at the University of Michigan that led him to examine stereotype threat theory?

That students of different genders (e.g., men vs women) and races (e.g. black vs. white) with the same SAT math scores did not receive the same grades in their math classes in college.

Explain and provide evidence (i.e., an empirical study) for the 2 factor model of emotions, please be sure to explain the theory and give an example that closely relates to the theory.

The 2 factor model of emotions is a theory that states that our feelings are based on context or the situation we are in. We feel arousal by an event first, and then second we try to assess how the event relates to our goal. based on the situation, we determine why we feel aroused. The 2 factor model theory states that our feelings are based on context and the situation that we are in. First we feel arousal, then we try to interpret why based on the context. Evidence is based on the bridge experiment. A pretty lady stood on a scary and uncertain bridge and had men take a survey then gave them her number for further information on the study. She repeated the same thing on a much nicer and safer bridge. She received more phone calls when stopped no the scary unstable bridge compared to being stopped on the safe bridge. First, the men felt arousal because of the scary bridge but misinterpreted the reason for being attracted to the lady rather than being afraid. The men interpreted their emotions based on the situation on the scary bridge. There was no arousal on the safe bridge so they didn't feel the need to call the lady

Please explain how the Stanford Prison Experiment builds and expands on the Milgram study

The Stanford Prison Experiment expanded on the Milgram study by examining how people conform to social pressures when given a role. Unlike the Milgram Study, the Stanford experiment removed the experimenter from being a part of the study, which showed that participants don't just conform because they are told to do so, but they also conform when given a particular role. They become more likely to assume and take advantage of their roles and despite certain actions going against their morals. (completely correct) In the Milgram experiment the harm that was being done could not be seen whereas in the Stanford Prison experiment the harm that was happening was right there in front of them. Zimbardo attempted to have a better experiment than Milgram by not being there during the experiment pretending to be the warden when necessary. Zimbardo de-individuated the paticipants to make sure they were 100% fulfilling thier role. Prison guards had reflective sunglasses acting as a mask, prisoners were known as numbers, wore dresses, and were dehumanized. (somewhat correct)

Which poster results in more donations and why?

The eyes posters, because it is subconsciously associated with being watched

FB study: IV, DV, Results

The independent variable was measured by whether an emotionally negative or positive post was shared. The dependent variable was measured by how someone responded to an emotionally negative or positive post, seeing if verbal responses were similar to the exposure, therefore, demonstrating emotional contagion. Independent variable(s): Presence of emotion in the News Feed that could demonstrate emotional contagion. Dependent variables(s): People's emotional expressions. The results of this study demonstrates that what people post online can affect how someone feels whether it's positive or negative. There was a withdrawal effect which took place when people were not as expressive in their emotions when exposed to less emotional online posts. Results contrasted the theory that people can be negatively affected by viewing another person's emotionally positive post. In this study, people responded emotionally positively towards positive posts which support emotional contagion.

When the participants who took part in Stanley Milgram's "shock box" obedience study were surveyed after the study was completed, what was discovered?

The vast majority of them were pleased that they had been part of the experiment.

Based on research discussed in class what is true about college students in India?

Their preferences are not strongly linked to the choices they make

Please explain how the Implicit Association Test work to detect bias

This test aims to measure whether you have implicit bias or not by providing images and words to categorize with a specific image. Based on the amount of time it takes you to categorize good with a category and bad with the other category compared to the amount of time it takes you to categorize bad with the first category and good with the second category then you have implicit bias. You subtract the two times and that should show if you have implicit bias. For example: if it takes you longer to categorize dogs with good than dogs with bad compared to how long it takes you to categorize cats with good than cats with bad then you have implicit bias.

Sherif (1966) argued that the psychological processes behind discrimination and prejudice are rooted in competition over scarce resources such as land, water, money, technology..etc.

True

T or F: In order for us to feel emotions, an event has to be relevant to us.

True

T or F: System 1 is something that happens to you, system 2 is something you do

True

T or F: The hot coffee study did not replicate

True

Based on cognitive dissonance theory, when does "saying becomes believing"?

When you claim to have an opinion that differs from your true beliefs for no strong reason.

What was the IV (independent variable) in Tripplet's study?

Whether children worked alone or with others

Based on the "Ben Franklin effect" you are most likely to increase your liking for Tony when

You lend Tony $10

From an evolutionary perspective, which of the following may contribute to a person's tendency to conform to the behaviors and attitudes of others?

a natural tendency to mimic other's actions that increases connections bw ppl

What was an objection to contact theory addressed by Pettigrew and Tropp (2004)? a. All are correct b. Contact only works because people who engage in contact are less prejudiced compared to people who choose to not engage in contact c. That the contact effect does not generalize across situations d. The file drawer problem; studies that reject the contact hypothesis do not get published

a. All are correct

Research on sexual desire's impact on the brain finds that sexual desire ______

activates the part of the brain that responds to food and drugs.

Hazan and Shaver argue that relationships in ______ are attachments

adults

When the "learner" in Stanley Milgram's obedience experiment got a memory task wrong, what punishment was the "teacher" instructed to administer?

an electric shock of increasing was given

While low attractiveness may indicate lower fitness in a mate, humans tend to mistakenly apply this relation to high attractiveness and high fitness. This error is known as the ______Blank hypothesis.

anomalous face overgeneralization hypothesis.

What is the maximum number of people we can really know?

around 150

According to Bowlby, infants have a(n) ______Blank which continuously regulates the accessibility and attentiveness of their caregiver.

attachment behavioral system

A caregiver who provides support, protection, and care to an infant is known as a primary ______Blank.

attachment figure

According to Bowlby, over evolutionary history, infants who were able to maintain proximity to an ______Blank would be more likely to survive and reproduce.

attachment figure

What is the name of the theory that considers the importance of the relationship between young children and their caregivers?

attachment theory

In Moreland and Beach's (1992) study of mere exposure, people liked the woman who ______Blank.

attended the most classes.

After going on a blind date, Robert decides he would like to go out with the person again. Robert's date is most likely ______Blank.

attractive

Two equally-qualified candidates are running for mayor of a small town. The winner will most likely have what trait?

attractiveness

The tendency to associate attractiveness with a variety of positive traits, such as being intelligent and healthy, is known as what?

attractiveness halo effect

Other than facial symmetry, youthfulness, and masculinity/femininity, what quality is commonly considered attractive?

averageness

Infants with ______Blank type of attachment are not concerned when their parents leave the room and may even shun them upon their return.

avoidant

Since Julie is the 3rd grade bully, she has few friends. She most likely has a(n) ______Blank attachment pattern.

avoidant

Fox news tended to invoke which schema? a. The world is a dangerous place b. Everyone can pull themselves up by their own bootstraps c. All of these are correct d. Strict parents are better than nurturing parents

c. All of these are correct

When an infant perceives that his caregiver is inaccessible, he may display attachment behaviors such as looking for her and ______Blank.

calling out to her

The evolutionary explanation argues that attractive mates are perceived as intelligent. This quality is desirable because intelligent partners are better able to

care for offspring.

Intimacy

caring, closeness, and emotional support

Donna is talking to her lawyer about her pending divorce. Her lawyer says, "Why don't we just give your husband a logical argument for how we want the divorce to proceed?" This is the ______ route to persuasion in this legal negotiation.

central

According to Petty and Cacioppo (1986), the two major routes that can be used when trying to persuade a person of a given idea are the ______routes

central and peripheral

According to the ______Blank explanation of attractiveness, humans judge average faces as more attractive because they are easy to categorize.

cognitive

Incremental theory of the self is to ___ as entity theory of the self is to __.

collectivism; individualism

Normative influence is to informational influence as ___________________________ is to ___________________________. a. conformity; reactance b. autokinetic effect; cohesiveness c. compliance; internalization d. acceptance; reactance

compliance; internalization (another right answer is acceptance; reactance but stick to compliance one)

When the kids at school begin rolling up the cuffs on their blue jeans, Greg starts to do the same even though he thinks it looks stupid. This is an example of:

conformity

______Blank is the tendency to change one's attitude or behavior to match a perceived social norm.

conforomity

Humans adapt to their environments and, as a result, their emotions may be unique to their cultural backgrounds" reflects the ______ perspective in the study of culture and emotions

cultural relativist or social constructivist

"If a disabled person was trying to cross a street at a busy intersection, most people would stop and help them." This statement about what most people would do in a given situation is called a(n) ______Blank.

descriptive norm

A(n) ______Blank refers to the perception of what most people would do in a given circumstances.

descriptive norm

Nia had an avoidant relationship with her mother as a child. As an adult, how will she most likely act in her romantic relationships?

distrustful and distant

According to ______Blank theory, attractiveness in men is related to more short-term sexual partners because this outcome increases the men's chance for reproductive success

evolutionary

The ______Blank explanation of attractiveness predicts that the impression associated with the halo effect will be accurate.

evolutionary

One of the most basic principles of attraction is that people prefer ______Blank stimuli.

familiar

Marcus lives in the United States and is asked how he defines well-being. Which of the following are most likely to be a part of his answer?

feeling excited and other high arousal positive states

According to the ______Blank hypothesis, certain physical qualities are judged as being attractive because they signal greater reproductive success

good genes

Based on class discussion which is more important for success in life?

having self control

What was the motivation behind Stanley Milgram's famous obedience experiment?

he wanted to know why German citizens went along with the brutality of Nazi leaders during the Holocaust

Which of the following combinations would most likely combine to create a person's schema of the "model minority" individual

high in competence but low in sociability

In a study of information influence and descriptive norms, Neighbors and colleagues (2007) found that the amount of alcohol college students drink is highly correlated with:

how much they believe the average student drinks

On her first day of college, Mikela doesn't know where to go. She sees a group of students walk down the hall and she follows them. In fact, they are just walking to the closest bathroom. Mikela has been impacted by ______Blank influence.

informational

When we don't know what to do, we often follow the crowd because we assume that they have some knowledge that we don't

informational influence

Adults with a(n) ______Blank attachment pattern are more likely to experience a breakup of their relationship.

insecure

Donald is inconsistent in responding to his baby's needs. Sometimes, he is too busy to help at all. What type of attachment is the child likely to have?

insecure

What are the three components of Sternberg's triangular theory of love? Question Mark

intimacy, passion, and commitment

How does Companionate Love differ from Consummate Love?

it does not include passion

In his classic research study examining normative influence and conformity, what did Solomon Asch ask his participants to do?

judge length of lines

Which type of social networks are most beneficial to people's health and well-being?

large and diverse social networks

When surveying college administrators most of them agreed that this value was not particularly important in developing during the college years

learn to ask others for help

Attractiveness in women is related to the number of ______Blank sexual partners she has over her lifetime.

long term

Close friends help protect our ______Blank during stressful times.

mental and physical health

Humans tend to prefer stimuli that have been seen before rather than novel ones. This phenomenon is known as the ______Blank.

mere exposure effect

Emotions allow us to act with ______ thinking.

minimal

Rather than use any one person's picture, the researcher instead created a(n) __ by digitally combining the facial features of 30 individuals.

morph

A child is more likely to be willing to explore her environment when her attachment figure is ______Blank.

nearby and accessible.

"I do what other kids in my class do, even when I don't want to do it, because I want other people to like me!" This statement summarizes the concept of ______Blank influence.

normative

______Blank refers to conformity that results from a concern for what other people think of us.

normative influence

Professor Spiegelman declines to give a make-up exam when his student asks for one, but he does provide the make-up when the department chair instructs him to do so. This demonstrates ______Blank to an authority figure.

obedience

______Blank refers to responding to an order or a command from a person in a position of authority.

obedience

Even young children display a negative reaction to people with what physical trait?

obesity

According to "terror management theory," positive self-esteem protects us from feeling anxiety over

our own death

Several explanations, including cultural, cognitive, evolutionary, and ______Blank, have been proposed to explain why certain traits are judged as attractive.

overgeneralization

Experiencing high levels of ______Blank is consistently associated with increased happiness and well-being.

perceived social support

When faced with a challenging task, secure children are most likely to do what?

persist

Harry Harlow's research revealed that young macaque monkeys were comforted by ______Blank.

physical contact with soft cloth

findings

ppl today responded much like they did a half century ago

A typical or average member of a category is known as a(n)

prototype

Studies have shown attractive people to have an advantage in school, work, politics, and ______Blank.

relationships

The evolutionary theory proposes that as attractiveness increases, so does the chance of ______Blank.

reproductive success

Yvonne is a secure infant. What behavior does her primary caregiver most likely display?

responding to the child's needs

An adult with a secure attachment pattern is most likely to end up with a romantic partner with a(n) ______Blank attachment pattern.

secure

When Gerardo feels distressed or scared, he turns to his wife for comfort and guidance. What type of attachment did he most likely have in infancy?

secure

Wyatt, a 12-month-old baby, was upset when his mother left. When she returned, he crawled over to her and happily hugged her. He is displaying a(n) ______Blank attachment to his mother.

secure attachment to his mother.

When we compare ourselves with others, most of us tend to

see ourselves as better than the average person.

According to the self-serving bias, we tend to attribute our successes to _______ and our losses to _______.

skill; our environment

Participants rated others as more attractive when they did what?

smiled

How does the effectiveness of online dating compare to face-to-face?

still not clear

What is the name of the technique, developed by Mary Ainsworth, used to identify attachment patterns in infants?

strange situation

According to Durkheim, a person with no close relationships would face what risk?

suicidal feelings

Breham (1959) study shows that after choosing a can opener over a toaster, participants were more likely to indicate that they liked

the can opener much more than the toaster

functional distance

the frequency with which people cross paths with others

What does research show about the quality of online friendships in comparison to face-to-face?

they can be equally or more intimate

How do people with close friends at work compare to those who do not in terms of job satisfaction?

they report being much more satisfied

Who may benefit the most from Internet friendships?

those who lack face-to-face social skills

Smiling is an example of a(n) ______; people in all cultures naturally do it

universal behavior

Mothers from which socio-economic backgrounds are more likely to describe their child as a flower whose self-esteem and feelings need to be cultivated and protected so their child can grow and flourish

upper class

The stereotype content model suggests that we judge social groups on which two features?

warmth and competence

Researchers found that in workplaces where friendships between employees could be developed and maintained people ______Blank.

were less likely to leave their jobs.