Psychology: Chapter VI: Learning (Questions)

Conditions physiological and emotional responses a.) Operant b.) Classical

B

In ______ conditioning, the basis of learning is the association of two stimuli, the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. a.) Operant b.) Classical

B

Reflexive, involuntary behaviors are associated with _____- conditioning. a.) Operant b.) Classical

B

Responding decreases with the elimination of reinforcing consequences during the extinction process of _________ conditioning a.) Operant b.) Classical

B

The evolutionary influence in ______ conditioning is that behaviors like natural or instinctive behaviors are more readily conditioned. a.) Operant b.) Classical

B

The expectation that the conditioned response reliably predicts the unconditioned stimulus characterizes the congnitivie aspect of ________ conditioning a.) Operant b.) Classical

B

Which of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer? a.) food b.) money c.) water d.) sex

B

______ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.

Negative punishment

Brie cleans her room to keep her parents off her back

Negative reinforcement

An "A" on an exam that you studied really hard.

Positive reinforcement

Getting a small increase in your hourly wage every 6 months

fixed interval

Honor roll is announced every 9 weeks and prizes are given out

fixed interval

Students are released from class when the end-of-the period bell rings

fixed interval

You get paid once every two weeks

fixed interval

A car salesman who gets a commission on each sale.

fixed ratio

You get a nickel for every pop can that you return

fixed ratio

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.

higher order conditioning

The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________.

model

After Cassie flirted with someone else at the party, her boyfriend stopped talking to her. Cassie didn't flirt at the next party.

negative punishment

Getting fired from your job because you showed up late for work

negative punishment

A patient in a mental hospital is very disruptive at mealtimes. She grabs food from the plates of those sitting near her and tries to cram the food into her mouth. Because this behavior of stealing food is very undesirable and needs to stop immediately, a plan is developed whereby every time the patient steals food from other plates, she is immediately taken to a room without food.

negative reinforcement

Lindsay wasn't doing well in her 6th grade math class. Her teacher told her parents that Lindsay handed in less than 50% of her assignments. Her parents told Lindsay that any day on which she did not hand in her homework she would be sent to bed right after dinner. As a result of this threat, Lindsay has handed in her assignment 97% of the time.

negative reinforcement

Reducing anxiety by smoking a cigarette.

negative reinforcement

Taking an aspirin to relieve a headache

negative reinforcement

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.

neutral conditioning

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.

occurs as a result of experience

Embarrassing a student for giving a wrong answer

positive punishment

Jamie spanks his child for playing in the street

positive punishment

Getting a pay check

positive reinforcement

Greg does not go to the dentist every 6 months for a check-up. Instead, he waited until a tooth really hurts, then goes to the dentist. After 2 emergency trips to the dentist, Greg now goes to the dentist every 6 months like he should.

positive reinforcement

In order to receive his allowance Jake cleans up his room regularly

positive reinforcement

Police randomly stop drivers and give tickets to those who are not wearing their seat belts; as a result of this program seat belt use increases in town.

positive reinforcement

Receiving a hug from your parents after throwing a temper tantrum

positive reinforcement

Rewards successive approximations toward a target behavior is _______.

positive reinforcement

The annoying student jumps up and down, hand raised, yelling "me, me, me!" until the teacher calls on her. The child jumps and yells even more in the future.

positive reinforcement

Extinction occurs when______.

the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

In Pavolv's work with dogs, the physical salivia were

unconditional responses

Sometimes the mail is delivered at 1:00, sometimes at 3:00.

variable interval

Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

In _______ conditioning, the basis of learning is the process of associating a response and the consequence that follows it. a.) Operant b.) Classical

A

In _______ conditioning, the performance of the behavior is influenced by the expectation of reinforcement or punishment. a.) Operant b.) Classical

A

Nonreflexive, voluntary behaviors are associated with _________ conditioning. a.) Operant b.) Classical

A

The behavior is emitted by the organism in _______ conditioning a.) Operant b.) Classical

A

Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being? a.) child riding a bike b.) teen socializing c.) infant sucking on a nipple d.) toddler walking

C

After a bad car accident, a student cringes and breaks into a sweat at the sound of squealing brakes.

UCS - car accident UCR - pain CS - squealing brakes CR - cringes and sweats

To treat alcoholics, a chemical is placed in the drink to make the drinker sick. Eventually the taste of alcohol become aversive and they drink less.

UCS - chemical taste UCR - getting sick CS - tasting alcohol CR - drinks less and they feel nauseous

An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased hear rate.

UCS - given a shot/drug UCR - increased heart rate CS - going into a small exam room CR - increased heart rate

Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes.

UCS - hot water UCR - pain/jumping away CS - hearing a toilet being flushed CR - getting away from the water

John Watson conducted an experiment with a boy named Albert in which he paired a white rat with a loud, startling noise. Albert now becomes startled at the sight of the white rat.

UCS - loud startling noise while looking at a white rat UCR - cries CS - seeing a white rat CR - getting away from the rat/ startling

You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever you smell it.

UCS - sickness (flu) UCR - being sick CS - seeing that new food CR - feeling sick

The smell of fresh bread baking makes your mouth water.

UCS - smell of bread UCR - mouth waters CS - smelling bread CR - mouth waters

In order to be able to punish your cat when you're not near enough to reach him, you have paired the sound of a clicker with getting squirted by water. Now the sound of the clicker causes him to startle.

UCS - water UCR - punished cat CS - clicking of the pen CR - punished cat

Slot machines at casinos payoff after a random number of plays

Variable ratio

In_____ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.

classical conditioning

Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.

classical conditioning; operant conditioning