PSYC 360 Final Exam
Why did Freud believe that psychotherapy was beneficial
"Talking about it helps. One reason is because making thoughts and fears explicit by saying them out loud brings them into the open, where the conscious, rational mind can deal with them... Another reason is that the psychotherapist can provide emotional support during the patient's difficult task of trying to figure out what is going on."
What is Geworfenheit?
"Thrown-ness", the time, place, and circumstances into which you happened to be born.
Explain the difference between Operant vs Classical Conditioning?
-Classical conditioning: the kind of learning in which an unconditioned response (such as salivating) that is naturally elicited by one stimulus (such as food) becomes elicited also by a new, conditioning stimulus (such as a bell)events become associated not merely because they occurred together, but because the meaning of one even has changed the meaning of another. (respondent conditioning, meaning that the conditioned response is essentially passive with no impact of its own.) -Operant conditioning- the animal learns to operate on its world in such a way to change it to the animal's advantage. skinner's term for the process of learning in which an organism's behavior is shaped by the effect of the behavior on environment
Explain the three philosophical principles behaviorism is rooted
-Empiricism: the idea that all knowledge comes from experience. The contents of our minds are created by the contents of the world and how it has impinged on us, producing everything we have seen, heard, and felt. The structure of reality determines personality, the structure of the mind, and, by extension, our behavior. -Associationism: explains how learning happens- any two things, including ideas, become mentally associated as one if they are repeatedly experienced close together in time. Lightning flashes, then thunder booms, so thunder and lightning become associated -Hedonism: provides an answer for why people do anything at all. Claims that people (and all other animals) learn for two reasons: to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
What is priming?
-activation of a concept or idea by repeatedly perceiving it or thinking about it. the usual result is that this concept or idea comes to mind more quickly and easily in new situations
Amy is a generally aggressive and hostile child. Imagine that Suzanne accidentally bumped into Amy in a crowded room. Based on theories related to priming and chronic accessibility, Amy would perceive Suzanne's bump as an ________ and likely respond with ________. a. intentionally hostile act; aggression b. accident; aggression c. accident; an apology d. intentionally hostile act; an apology
A
Describe behavioral genetics.
Addresses how personality traits are passed from parent to child and shared by biological relatives
associated neo-Freudian psychologist: people are motivated as adults to overcome feelings of inferiority they developed as a child
Alfred Adler
Stephen's apartment is exceptionally neat and clean, whereas Mary Anne's house is always messy. According to Freud, ________. a. both Stephen and Mary Anne have developed fixations in the phallic stage b. both Stephen and Mary Anne are anal character types c. Stephen is an anal character, and Mary Anne is an oral character d. Stephen is an oral character, and Mary Anne has regressed to the latency period
B
Which of the following concepts is NOT associated with Adler? a. masculine protest b. feminine protest c. inferiority complex d. organ inferiority
B
Name the behaviorist associated with this theory/model: Operant conditioning model
B.F. Skinner
associated neo-Freudian psychologist: human beings are a part of the collective unconscious, which includes inborn memories, ideas, and images
Carl Jung
What are chronically accessible concepts?
Concepts that are constantly primed and reprimed because of their chronic accessibility
associated neo-Freudian psychologist: people develop socially acceptable false-selves to maintain smooth interpersonal relationships
D.W. Winnicott
What is a key difference between the declarative self and the procedural self?
Declarative self: an individual's conscious opinions about this or her own personality traits and other relevant attributes Procedural self: patterns of behavior that are characteristics of an individual
associated neo-Freudian psychologist: any psychological research is at least "a little" psychoanalytic
Drew Westen
Which is the best way to get information into long-term memory?
Elaboration- to really think about it
associated neo-Freudian psychologist: people develop through their confrontation with various conflicts throughout their lifespans
Erik Erikson
Belief that one's value is directly linked to one's own success overcoming obstacles
Head
Who cares about self-awareness (generally, not a specific person)?
Humanistic psychologists
Explain the internal structure of the mind according to Freud.
Id: unconscious psychic energy that works to satisfy basic urges, needs, and desires. Superego: moral conscious. Ego: realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the superego.
What is a key difference between the ideal self and the ought self?
Ideal self: your view of what you could be at your best Ought self: your view of what you should- as opposed to what you would like to- be
Describe a time when labeling a patient would be appropriate.
If someone acts in a grandiose and arrogant manner, it might pay to be wary of the possibility he could seek to take advantage of you. (Narcissistic personality disorder)
associated neo-Freudian psychologist: psychological development is the story of ego development because the function of ego is to make sense of everything a person experiences
Jane Loevinger
associated neo-Freudian psychologist: individual's early experiences with love shapes their future outlook on life and other people
John Bowlby
Name the theory/model associated with this behaviorist: S-R association theory
John Watson
name the behaviorist associated with this theory/model: Expectancy value theory
Julian Rotter
associated neo-Freudian psychologist: women lack confidence due to the structure of society rather than the biological differences between men and women
Karen Horney
associated neo-Freudian psychologist: people relate to other people through the images of them we hold in out minds
Melanie Klein
Who uses the same research methods Freud used (Patient histories and introspection)?
Neo-Freudians
name the goal: Goals that everyone has
Nomothetic goals
How are OCPD and OCD distinct?
OCPD: bound by rituals and rules, lacks a sense of proportion, workaholism, inability to throw things away, can be ego-syntonic OCD: severe anxiety disorder characterized by impulsive behaviors that can range from repetitive hand-washing, to bizarre rituals of speech or action. People suffering from OCD often have fearful obsessions and need the rituals to quell them. OCPD is different because it generally does not include such specific compulsions, but it can be more far-reaching because it may affect all areas of a person's life. OCD may be more treatable because they are generally aware of their fears being unreasonable, whereas people with OCPD are more likely to believe that "their way is the 'right and best' way"
What are personality-environment transactions
People tend to respond to, seek out, and even create environments that are compatible with, and may magnify, their personality traits (a cause of personality stability)
name the theory/model associated with this behaviorist: Albert Bandura
Social Learning Theory
What is self-schema.
The declarative self resides in a cognitive structure called the self-schema, which includes all of one's ideas about the self, organized into a coherent system. The act of responding to a questionnaire about personality, the person presumably answers these questions by reaching into her memory system (or self-schema) for relative information
Explain perceptual defenses
The perceptual system appears to have the ability to screen out information that might make the individual anxious or uncomfortable
Explain fixation
When an individual gets, to some degree, psychologically "stuck" in a stage of development: regression is movement backward from a more advanced psychological stage to an earlier one. Leftover libido in a stage of development, causing the individual to struggle with issues from that stage.
. Behaviorists believe that personality differences can be entirely explained by ________. a. learning b. behavioral traits c. IQ d. phenomenological processes
a
According to Freud, individuals focus on enhancing society during the ________ stage. a. phallic b. genital c. Oedipal d. latancy
a
Behaviorism is concerned with ________, whereas Rotter's social learning perspective is concerned with ________. a. actual rewards and punishments; beliefs about reward and punishment b. operant conditioning; respondent conditioning c. classical conditioning; observational learning d. general behavioral tendencies; specific learned motivational tendencies
a
Jane feels inferior to the people around her, but she tries to act like she is powerful and in control. Adler would say that Jane is ________. a. experiencing the masculine protest b. reacting to her social interest c. developing a persona d. expressing her animus
a
Nima moved to the United States when she was 5 years old, and she gradually adopted the language, attitudes, and styles of American culture. The process through which Nima became Americanized is known as ________. a. acculturation b. assimilation c. enculturation d. accommodation
a
Susie is an infant participating in a strange situation. When her mother leaves the room, Susie does not seem to care. Upon her mother's return, Susie ignores her. What kind of attachment does Susie have to her mother? a. avoidant b. anxious-ambivalent c. depressive d. rejecting
a
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator measures ________. a. the Jungian classification of the four basic ways of thinking b. aspects of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development c. the Big Five traits d. prototypical images of women and men
a
Which of the following is the correct order of Freud's major stages of psychosexual development? a. oral, anal, genital, phallic b. anal, oral, genital, phallic c. anal, oral, phallic, genital d. oral, anal, phallic, genital
a
Which of the following psychologists was NOT considered a social learning theorist? a. Thorndike b. Rotter c. Bandura d. Dollard
a
Which of these brain structures is thought to play a role in judging whether stimuli offer threats or rewards? a. amygdala b. hippocampus c. ventromedial cortex d. neocortex
a
Which theorist developed the concept of personal constructs? a. George Kelly b. Gordon Allport c. B. F. Skinner d. Walter Mischel
a
Describe a cross-sectional study
a study of personality development in which people of different ages are assessed at the same time.
Use the following list to answer questions 42 - 45 a. S data b. B data c. L data d. T data e. I data ___ 42. Your own responses to the statement, "I consider myself a nervous person" ___ 43. A therapist's description of her client ___ 44. The number of times someone has been arrested ___ 45. Reaction times to photographs
a, e, c, b
. A salesperson has been married for 10 years, but her husband has never seen her do her job. According to the textbook, which of the following statements is true regarding the accurate prediction of her behavior during her work? a. Her customers will be about as accurate as her husband in predicting her behavior at work. b. Her husband will be much more accurate than her customers in predicting her behavior at work. c. Her customers will be much more accurate than her husband in predicting her behavior at work. d. None of the above are true.
a.
. According to the text, what paradox is central to the study of personality development? a. People change throughout their lives yet fundamental personality traits maintain rank-order stability in relation to others in their age group. b. People's personality changes both across their entire lives and in response to specific events. c. People develop their personalities according to both nature and nurture. d. Some people's personalities change dramatically over the life span, and some people don't change at all.
a.
A projective test yields ________ data. a. B b. I c. L d. S
a.
Ashley has just graduated from law school and in the next few weeks will begin working as a junior partner at a national law firm. Ashley is beginning to see herself as an ________. a. agent b. artist c. author d. actor
a.
Consider the following scenario: A child cries for his father to take him to the park while they are at the library. Which of the following represents a likely reason that accurate judgment of the child's openness to experience might fail? a. Important cues for openness are not displayed. b. The situation doesn't allow for the display of openness. c. A judge sees the tantrum and recognizes that the information isn't relevant. d. A judge is highly intelligent and notices important cues.
a.
Funder writes that there are good reasons why personality psychologists have distinct theories versus One Big Theory. Which is NOT one of those reasons? a. One Big Theory would undermine the smaller theories. b. There is a trade-off between breadth and depth in theories. c. There is, for now, no accepted One Big Theory. d. Each theory offers a different perspective on personality.
a.
Imagine that a researcher conducts a study and finds a statistically significant correlation between eating pizza and aggression. However, there is no real association between eating pizza and aggression in the population. What kind of error has this researcher made? a. Type I b. Type II c. Type III d. correlational
a.
In a series of studies about intellectual expectancies, Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) found that schoolchildren randomly identified as "bloomers" showed an average IQ increase of about 15 points by the end of the school year. These studies demonstrated ________. a. the power of expectancies b. that formal training designed to develop self-efficacy can impact performance c. the accuracy of lay judgments of personality d. the good target moderator of accuracy
a.
Positive emotionality in Tellegen's three-factor model is closest to which trait in Eysenck's model? a. extraversion b. openness to experience c. psychoticism d. neuroticism
a.
Research has shown that when people use words such as ________ to describe their life story, they are described by acquaintances as more intelligent. a. absolutely b. smart c. positivity d. mindfully
a.
Sally is a strong proponent of the lexical hypothesis. Where would she likely begin her search for the essential traits of personality? a. the dictionary b. by observing the personalities of nonhuman animals c. Eysenck's theories d. ancient Greek medical texts
a.
The attempt to determine how behavior is connected to the environment is called ________. a. functional analysis b. empiricism c. associationism d. behavioral linking
a.
The neurotransmitter dopamine is associated with systems that ________. a. respond to reward b. generate acute feelings of anxiety c. block the effects of opiates d. generate vertigo
a.
The process by which a person seeks out compatible environments and avoids incompatible ones is called ________. a. active person-environmental transaction b. reactive personal-environment transaction c. evocative person-environment transaction d. heterotypic continuity
a.
The trait approach is based on empirical research that is mostly from ________. a. correlational studies b. experimental studies c. case studies d. all of the above
a.
What does recent research suggest about the validity of first impressions? a. First impressions based on configural properties of faces may have some validity. b. First impressions based on the size of the target's nose have a surprising amount of validity. c. First impressions based on the shape of the target's mouth have a surprising amount of validity. d. First impressions based on face judgments have no validity.
a.
Which design is best suited for addressing the third-variable problem? a. experimental b. correlational c. case study d. repeated measures
a.
Which of the following is an objective test? a. MMPI b. TAT c. Rorschach inkblots d. Picture Story Exercise
a.
combining many items in a test to eliminate idiosyncrasies of any one item
aggregation
. According to Mischel, every individual's if ... then pattern of contingencies is unique and comprises his ________. a. personal goals b. behavioral signature c. life narrative d. personality
b
. Modern psychoanalytic theory deviates from Freudian theory because it focuses less on ________ and more on ________. a. adults; children b. sex; ego c. mothers; fathers d. attachment; development
b
. Which statement is most true regarding the influence of Freud? a. Freud's ideas about the Oedipal crisis have empirical support. b. Freudian ideas continue to influence psychology today. c. Freud's ideas no longer hold any influence in current psychoanalysis. d. Few people find psychoanalytic theory interesting or insightful.
b
A culture that stresses "tall poppies are cut first" or that "the nail that stands out gets pounded down" might be high in which cultural dimension? a. toughness b. collectivism c. tightness d. heart
b
Freud's phallic stage corresponds to Erikson's stage of ________. a. industry vs. inferiority b. initiative vs. guilt c. autonomy vs. shame and doubt d. basic trust vs. mistrust
b
Jung believed that we all share inborn, species-specific ideas and memories. This is Jung's idea of ________. a. social interests b. collective unconscious c. anima d. animus
b
Positive psychology seeks to study human ________ rather than ________. a. behavior; thoughts or cognitions b. strengths; faults c. potential; behavior d. nature; social constructions
b
The tendency to see members of your own group as very different from one another but the members of groups to which you do not belong as very similar to each other is called the ________. a. ethnocentric error b. outgroup homogeneity bias c. bicultural contrast error d. in-group favoritism bias
b
The therapeutic technique that involves instructing the patient to say whatever comes to mind is called ________. a. reaction formation b. free association c. systematic regression d. repressed memory recovery
b
What does Freud mean by fixation? a. All of the conflicts at all stages have been resolved. b. Too much libido becomes invested in a given stage of psychosexual development. c. Excessive attention is paid to the penis during the genital stage of development. d. The individual has successfully resolved ("fixed") the conflict that is present at a particular stage
b
What is the best description of the acquaintanceship effect? a. Your acquaintances are more accurate than you are when judging your personality. b. The more information you have about someone, the more accurate your judgment of his or her personality. c. The longer you have known someone, the less accurate your judgment of his or her personality. d. People judge their friends more favorably than they judge their enemies
b
What learning process may explain why some addicts are more likely to overdose in new settings as opposed to familiar settings? a. The addict was habituated to the effects of the drug in familiar settings, but this was not true of the new setting. b. Opponent processes that were classically conditioned in the familiar setting were not triggered in the new setting. c. The addict had learned to control stimulus-response associations in the familiar setting, but this learning did not generalize. d. The addict had failed to generalize his or her drug-taking script to the new setting.
b
What marks the end of the latency stage? a. the selection of a career b. puberty c. the start of formal education d. marriage
b
. A current study is surveying people of different ages in order to understand whether or not individuals' levels of subjective well-being change across the life span. What type of developmental study is this? a. longitudinal b. cross-sectional c. informant d. experimental
b.
. A researcher who starts with an interest in delinquency and then identifies the traits associated with that category of behavior is taking a ________ approach. a. single-trait b. many-trait c. essential-trait d. typological
b.
. Factor analysis can ________. a. give psychological meaning to groups of traits b. identify groups of items that go together c. unquestionably determine the basic dimensions of personality d. tell which items best differentiate normal and abnormal populations
b.
. Horney felt that when women experience penis envy, it symbolizes their ________. a. desire to actually possess a penis b. lack of power and control in society c. rejection of motherhood d. dissatisfaction with their own bodies
b.
. In high school Jane was made fun of for being a geek. As an adult, she is a molecular biologist who now proudly wears the "geek" badge of honor. Jane's experience is an example of which of the principles of personality development? a. plasticity principle b. role continuity principle c. identity development principle d. maturity principle
b.
. Molly had a self-proclaimed "perfect childhood." According to the text, what might Molly face later in life? a. a perfect family and career b. unpreparedness for difficult times c. a life riddled with stress d. a strong emotional reaction to imperfection
b.
According to the text, the purpose of personality traits is to predict ________. a. specific behavioral manifestations b. behavior in the long term c. I data but not B data d. S data but not I data
b.
Also known as Geworfenheit, ________ refers to the time, place, and circumstances into which you happened to be born. a. era b. thrown-ness c. ethos d. niche
b.
Dr. Low is interested in studying the relation between mood and willingness to help a stranger. Every participant in her study completes a mood-rating questionnaire and is then given an opportunity to donate money to a homeless stranger. Dr. Low is using a(n) ________ design. a. experimental b. correlational c. case study d. repeated measures
b.
Faking responses in order to influence test results is most difficult on ________ constructed tests. a. factor analytically b. empirically c. rationally d. nomothetically
b.
If test scores decrease as anxiety increases, then ________. a. test scores and anxiety are positively correlated b. test scores and anxiety are negatively correlated c. test scores and anxiety are unrelated d. the correlation between test scores and anxiety must be 1.0
b.
Julie does not like to attend parties because she is shy and convinced that people will not like her. When Julie does go to a party, she avoids eye contact, gives abrupt responses to other people's questions, and quickly withdraws from interactions. As a result, she spends most of the evening in a corner by herself, convinced that no one at the party likes her. This is an example of ________. a. the causal force of I data b. expectancy effects c. the effects of low self-monitoring d. an internal locus of control
b.
Martha just turned 55 years old and is about to see her last born off to college. According to Erikson, what psychosocial crisis is Martha likely to experience? a. industry vs. inferiority b. generativity vs. stagnation c. intimacy vs. isolation d. integrity vs. despair
b.
Personality psychology and clinical psychology overlap most often when approaching which topic? a. personality processes b. personality disorders c. personality development d. none of the above
b.
Reliability is ________ for validity. a. a necessary and sufficient condition b. a necessary but not sufficient condition c. a sufficient condition d. not at all relevant
b.
The highest need proposed by Maslow was ________. a. self-esteem b. self-actualization c. self-transcendence d. self-determination
b.
The most important and generally useful way to enhance reliability is to ________. a. use the smallest possible number of items b. measure something that is important c. aggregate your measurements d. maximize error variance
b.
What brain region is responsible for both an individual's strong time management skill and ability to consistently do the morally right thing? a. basal ganglia b. amygdala c. frontal lobes d. hippocampus
b.
What is a primary goal of the trait approach to personality? a. understanding mental conflicts b. measuring and conceptualizing individual differences c. understanding the mind in terms of biological mechanisms d. applying principles of associationism to help reduce negative behaviors
b.
Which of the following is NOT an example of interactionism? a. An extraverted person chooses to live in a bigger, faster paced city. b. An agreeable person is generally a good team player. c. A neurotic person expects to be socially excluded, which makes others stay away from him. d. A conscientious person reacts differently to feedback from her boss.
b.
name the approach: Understanding the heritability and evolutionary basis of behavioral patterns
biological
emotional instability is the hallmark of which personality disorder?
borderline personality disorder
. What idiographic goal term refers to long-term goals that organize broad areas of a person's life? a. personal projects b. development goals c. personal strivings d. current concerns
c
. ________ psychology is based on the premise that to understand a person, you must understand his or her unique view of reality. a. Existential b. Cultural c. Humanistic d. Psychoanalytic
c
A person with a judgment goal will respond to failure with a(n) ________ pattern of behavior. a. mastery-oriented b. pessimistic c. helpless d. anxiety-driven
c
All of the following make up Maslow's hierarchy of needs EXCEPT ________. a. self-actualization b. safety and security c. extraversion and openness d. status and esteem
c
Concepts that are readily available in the mind on such a frequent basis that they become part of one's personality are said to be ________. a. hypoactivated b. individuated c. chronically accessible d. praxes
c
Flow most likely arises when one's activity entails a balanced ratio of __ to. a. approach; avoidance b. stress; eustress c. skills; challenges d. effort; reward
c
Most neo-Freudians rely on information from ________ to test or verify their ideas. a. controlled experiments b. Freud's original case descriptions c. patient histories and introspection d. archival and field studies
c
Shannon has lived in Wisconsin her whole life. According to a recent study conducted by Rentrow et al., which type of person is Shannon likely to be? a. temperamental and uninhibited b. extraverted and agreeable c. friendly and conventional d. relaxed and creative
c
Tracy has an important test tomorrow. She knows she should study for the test but she really wants to go to Greg's party. However, when she considers not studying and going to the party she feels guilty. Tracy therefore decides to stay home and study for the test. According to psychoanalytic theory, Tracy's ________. a. ego won out over her id b. ego won out over her superego c. superego won out over her id d. id won out over her superego
c
What basic approach do humanistic, Rogerian psychotherapists use when treating their patients? a. offer harsh advice and criticism b. utilize the talking cure c. offer them unconditional positive regard d. relate the patient's issues to those of their own
c
Which of the following describes someone high in sociosexuality? a. someone who consistently follows sex role norms b. a man who women would describe as "husband material" c. someone who buys flashy jewelry in order to attract a mate d. a very sensitive and even effeminate man
c
Which type of parenting style produces children who are the most psychologically healthy? a. permissive b. authoritarian c. authoritative d. ambivalent
c
hat differentiates secondary process thinking from primary process thinking? a. Primary process thinking is rational, whereas secondary process thinking is impulsive. b. Primary process thinking develops during the oral stage, whereas secondary process thinking develops during the phallic stage. c. Primary process thinking is impulsive, whereas secondary process thinking is rational. d. Primary process thinking develops during the anal stage, whereas secondary process thinking develops during the phallic stage.
c
. Behavioral genetics, like trait psychology, focuses on aspects of personality that ________, whereas evolutionary psychology more typically focuses on aspects of personality that ________. a. all humans share; differ from one individual to another b. vary among groups of individuals; vary among individuals c. differ from one individual to another; all humans share d. are species-specific; are individual-specific
c.
. If a trait is influenced by genes, then it ought to be more highly correlated across pairs of ________ than across pairs of ________. a. genetic siblings; fraternal twins b. fraternal twins; identical twins c. identical twins; fraternal twins d. adoptive siblings; genetic siblings
c.
. Imagine that you are at a party, and your best friend introduces you to a guy named David. You and your friend talk to David for an hour, and you both notice the hostile comments that he repeatedly makes about his roommate. Later, you and your friend discuss your impressions of David, and you find that you disagree about him. Your friend thinks that David's comments were just good-natured joking and that he is a nice guy and a pretty funny fellow. You think that his comments were mean-spirited and that he is a hostile person. Your disagreement arises because you and your friend differ in the ________ stage of the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM) of personality judgment. a. detection b. availability c. utilization d. judgment
c.
. Increasing the number of items on a test makes it a better instrument according to which principle? a. construct validation b. operational definition c. aggregation d. incremental validation
c.
. Personality assessment refers to ________. a. a treatment for personality disorders b. the analysis and interpretation of genetic markers of personality c. the measurement of any characteristic pattern of behavior, thought, or emotion d. the selection of a group of individuals with the most unique temperaments
c.
A fundamental problem for the trait approach is that ________. a. individual differences cannot be measured reliably b. situations do not affect behavior c. people are inconsistent d. correlational methods do not clearly indicate effect size
c.
According to a new theoretical model for personality change, if individuals ________, the trait change will follow. a. change their mindset b. change the relevant environmental factors c. change the relevant behaviors d. change their life goals
c.
Allen has just begun his first professional job. Allen will most likely display an increase in which trait? a. extraversion b. openness to experience c. conscientiousness d. agreeableness
c.
Chemicals that facilitate communication between neurons are called ________. a. synapses b. hormones c. neurotransmitters d. inhibitory communicators
c.
Cross-cultural research on the Big Five suggests that ________. a. the same Big Five are found in all cultures that have been studied to date b. none of the factors appears to replicate cross-culturally c. the central attributes of personality are generally similar in other cultures, but there are at least a few important differences d. some of the U.S. factors are found in studies using European samples, but none of the U.S. factors are found in studies of Asian samples
c.
Dr. Akita is designing a test to measure sociability. She writes items that seem directly and obviously related to sociability, such as "I like to go to parties" and "I enjoy the company of other people." Dr. Akita is using the ________ method of test construction. a. empirical b. factor analytic c. rational d. projective
c.
Jane recently completed a new test that was designed to measure her IQ. She took the test twice and each time received the same score. The test administrator told her that her scores indicate she is extremely intelligent. However, Jane scored well below average when she completed the Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), two well-established intelligence tests. Based on this pattern of results, it appears that the new measure of IQ was a ________. a. valid measure of intelligence b. valid but unreliable measure of intelligence c. reliable but not valid measure of intelligence d. more accurate measure of intelligence than the Stanford-Binet or the WAIS
c.
John is 65 years old. Relative to his personality as a 20-year-old, John has likely ________ in openness to experience. a. increased b. stayed pretty much the same c. decreased d. increased and then decreased
c.
One problem researchers experience when attempting to directly link testosterone to aggression and sexuality is that ________. a. the relationships have never been studied in women b. testosterone seems to affect sexual desire in men but not in women c. it is difficult to determine the causal direction because aggression and sex can affect testosterone levels d. both sex and especially aggression are difficult to study in the lab
c.
People who adjust their behavior to best fit the situation are called ________, and people whose behavior is guided by their personality are called ________. a. ego resilient; ego controlled b. low self-monitors; high self-monitors c. high self-monitors; low self-monitors d. ego controlled; ego resilient
c.
Rosie has recently been rejected from several graduate school programs. In response, she works on the weak aspects of her application and intends to gain experience and reapply the following year. Rosie is high in ________. a. affiliation motivation b. power motivation c. achievement motivation d. developmental motivation
c.
The major difference between the experimental and correlational methods is that in the experimental method the presumed causal variable is ________, whereas in the correlational method the same variable is ________. a. externally derived; internally derived b. significant; important c. manipulated; measured d. reliable; valid
c.
The purpose of a basic approach (or paradigm) is to ________. a. expand the range of data you consider b. integrate diverse perspectives c. limit inquiry to certain kinds of observations and patterns d. resolve contradictions in data
c.
Validity is the degree to which a measurement ________. a. is consistent and stable b. provides the same result if repeated c. actually reflects or measures what you think it does d. is reliable
c.
What explanation might an evolutionary psychologist give for an individual giving a large amount of money to charity? a. In our current social environment, people who give money to charity are regarded as noble and are therefore attractive. b. People are basically selfless people who give for the sake of giving. c. Giving to charity increases our self-esteem, which is an indicator of our social acceptance. d. Giving to charity satisfies our basic instinct to balance the social scales.
c.
What is NOT a challenge associated with the advancement of neural imaging technology? a. It is sensitive to outside interference. b. It is extremely expensive to acquire and operate. c. It introduces trace amounts of harmful chemicals into the human body. d. It requires expert attention in its operation and statistical analysis.
c.
What technique can be used to temporarily knock out regions of the brain without having to create lasting lesions? a. electroencephalography b. magnetoencephalography c. transcranial magnetic stimulation d. encephalographic stimulation
c.
What term refers to personality inventories that are designed to measure a wide range of traits? a. big bandwidth inventories b. high-fidelity inventories c. omnibus inventories d. Big Seven inventories
c.
When individuals have rank-order personality consistency, they maintain the ways in which they ________ other people the same age. a. are the same as b. change from c. are different from d. are liked by
c.
Which of the following is NOT part of the psychological triad? a. behavior b. thoughts c. psychological health d. feelings
c.
Which trait is associated with positive first impressions but more negative impressions in longer-term relationships? a. conscientiousness b. self-monitoring c. narcissism d. authoritarianism
c.
________ generally refers to the traits that help a person to fulfill socially important adult roles such as being a spouse, a parent, or a worker. a. Responsibility b. Consistency c. Maturity d. Generativity
c.
What is the common first impression someone has when they meet a person with narcissistic personality disorder?
charming and extraverted
name the approach: Understanding basic mental processes relevant to perception, memory, emotion, and motivation
cognitive
What are the frontal lobes responsbile for?
cognitive functioning such as planning, foresight, and understanding
Belief that the needs of the group outweigh the needs of the individual
collectivism
What trait is most clearly associated with positive health outcomes?
conscientiousness
What two types of processes are included in most dual-process models?
conscious and unconscious thought
. During therapy, Bob feels the same hostility toward his therapist that he feels toward his father. What term describes Bob's experience? a. countertransference b. transference c. displacement d. regression
d
According the central ideas of behaviorism, what are the three main types of learning? a. empiricism, hedonism, associationism b. learned helplessness, stimulus-response associations, if ... then associations c. reinforcement, punishment, empiricism d. habituation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning
d
According to the text, the four key ideas of psychoanalytic theory are ________. a. internal structure, mental energy, psychic conflict, and unconscious motives b. internal structure, mental energy, psychic determinism, and unconscious motives c. mental energy, psychic conflict, psychic determinism, and unconscious motives d. internal structure, mental energy, psychic conflict, and psychic determinism
d
Generally speaking, what is the function of a parapraxis? a. to comfort, guide, and support the patient through the difficult healing process b. to help one talk through psychological issues c. a means to present explanations in their simplest form d. to manifest unconscious conflict in one's behavior
d
Operant conditioning emphasizes ________ whereas classical conditioning emphasizes ________. a. an animal's learning ability; a human's learning ability b. punishment; reward c. effects on one's physical world; effects on one's social world d. active learning; passive learning
d
Use the follow list to match each rebuttal with its associated stress test of evolutionary psychology. 46. Methodology 47. Reproductive instinct 48. Conservative bias 49. Human flexibility 50. Biological determinism a. It is not necessary for people to be consciously aware of what evolutionary theory says is required for reproductive success. b. Evolutionary psychologists are not concerned with the moral justification or condemnation of any one aspect of the human psyche. c. Evolution of a cerebral cortex enables humans to have the ability to overcome innate urges. d. For any theoretical proposal in science, alternative explanations are always possible. e. The differences between men and women in mate selection and other behaviors are built-in through biological evolution.
d, a, b, c, e
. Becoming an author enables you to form a(n)________. a. sense of purpose b. well-rounded personality c. intellectual identity d. narrative identity
d.
. Which of the following is an ethical issue involved in the research process? a. how research findings are used b. which research topics are studied c. how truthful researchers are when describing their work d. all of the above
d.
6. Your responses to the personality test item "I am an intelligent person" would be ________ data, whereas your score on an intelligence test that reflects the number of problems you got right would be ________ data. a. B; L b. S; L c. I; B d. S; B
d.
According to evolutionary theory, humans should be able to judge the trait of ________ more accurately than other traits that are less important for the survival of the species. a. social intelligence b. self-esteem c. sociability d. sociosexuality
d.
According to one survey of employers, seven out of the top eight qualities sought in new employees involved ________. a. Intelligence b. Agreeableness c. emotional intelligence d. conscientiousness
d.
According to previous research, when does personality stop developing? a. There's no way to know for sure; the evidence is inconclusive. b. Somewhere between childhood and adolescence. c. By the time someone turns 30. d. Personality continues to develop throughout the entire life span.
d.
According to the text, what is the best approach to test construction? a. the rational method b. the factor analytic method c. the empirical method d. a combination of all three approaches
d.
According to the text, which of the following is NOT one of the conditions that must hold for an S data personality test to accurately measure an attribute of personality? a. The test taker must be able to make an accurate self-assessment. b. All of the items must be valid indicators of the construct. c. The test taker must be willing to report the self-assessment accurately. d. The test must contain both positively and negatively worded items.
d.
Components of ideas that are particular to a specific culture are called ________, and components that are universal across cultures are called ________. a. cultures; values b. etics; emics c. individualisms; collectivisms d. emics; etics
d.
Imagine that you want to develop a test to measure depression. You gather a set of 100 potential test items and ask a sample of people diagnosed with clinical depression and a sample of nondepressed people to respond to the items. For your final version of the test, you decide to keep only the 15 items that the depressed and nondepressed groups answered differently. You are using a(n) ________ method of test construction. a. factor analytic b. rational c. projective d. empirical
d.
Monozygotic (MZ) twins share ________ percent of the genes that vary across individuals, and dizygotic (DZ) twins share, on average, ________ percent of the genes that vary across individuals. a. 50; 25 b. 90; 10 c. 50; 100 d. 100; 50
d.
Personality is an individual's characteristic patterns of ________. a. behavior b. emotion c. thought d. all of the above
d.
Research regarding the person-situation debate indicates that ________ are relevant to how people will act under specific circumstances and that ________ are better for describing how people act in general. a. S data; I data b. S data; B data c. personality traits; situational variables d. situational variables; personality traits
d.
The humanist psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow took basic existential assumptions and added the assumption that ________. a. people are essentially childlike and have an innate tendency toward selfishness and impulsivity b. to know a person, it is essential to understand his or her phenomenology c. only humans, as opposed to other animals, have an awareness of their own mortality d. people are good and have an innate need to make themselves and the world better
d.
The observation "If it looks like a duck, walks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it is probably a duck" illustrates the method of ________. a. moderator variables b. constructivist accuracy c. procedural judgment d. convergent validation
d.
The situationist argument holds that ________. a. a thorough review of the literature reveals that there is a limit to how well one can predict behavior from personality b. situations are more important than personality traits for determining behavior c. our everyday intuitions about people are fundamentally flawed d. all of the above
d.
The trait approach focuses exclusively on ________. a. the measurement of absolute levels of traits b. aspects of personality that are the same in all people c. physical dimensions d. individual differences
d.
The trait approach, the behaviorist approach, and the psychoanalytic approach ________. a. are irreconcilable and contradictory views of human psychology b. are all part of the One Big Theory (OBT) c. all address the biological basis of human psychology d. address different sets of questions about human psychology
d.
What are essential traits according to Jack Block? a. neuroticism/extraversion b. negative emotionality/positive emotionality c. stability/plasticity d. ego control/ego resiliency
d.
What is the big disadvantage of the case study method? a. It describes isolated variables, not the whole phenomenon. b. It is rarely the source of testable hypotheses. c. It does not usually apply to particular individuals, only to groups. d. It is not generalizable.
d.
What part of Phineas Gage's brain was damaged in his accident? a. hippocampus b. brain stem c. cerebellum d. frontal lobes
d.
Which of the following is an example of predictive validity in the context of accuracy judgments? a. Your own ratings of your neuroticism correlate with your parents' ratings. b. Your friend's ratings of your openness does not predict your timeliness. c. Your own ratings of your agreeableness correlate with a clinician's ratings. d. Your parents' ratings of your conscientiousness correlate with messiness of your room.
d.
Which of the following is one of the basic approaches to personality? a. applied b. psychological triad c. ethnographical assessment d. psychoanalytic
d.
Which of the following sampling methods affords a researcher the greatest generalizability? a. randomly selecting a sample of introductory psychology students b. randomly selecting a sample of both high school and college students c. recruiting all the executives at a large company to participate d. selecting participants using a random telephone dialing system
d.
Describe someone high in self-enhancement
describes themselves better than they really are, someone who is really into themselves, cocky relevant thought
name the goal: goals to improve oneself
development goals
Belief that one's value is unrelated to others' opinions
dignity
Use the following list to answer questions 46 - 50 a. Trait b. Psychoanalytic c. Biological d. Phenomenological e. Learning ___ 46. How do rewards affect social behavior? ___ 47. How does unconscious conflict affect well-being? ___ 48. What characteristics of individuals predict health? ___ 49. Are there differences in neurotransmitter expression between people? ___50. How do people from individualist cultures differ from others?
e, b, a, c, d
avoidance of social conflict through hierarchy, humility, and harmony
face
a result applies beyond the context of the study
generalizable
Describe the perspective of an Evolutionary psychologists
genes matter, some traits will be passed down from parent to child, but environment also matters.
High sensitivity to threats to reputation
honor
name the approach: Understanding moment-to-moment conscious awareness and the ability to experience free will
humanistic
name the goal: Goals that are specific to the individual
idiocentric goal
Name the theory/model associated with this behaviorist: Walter Mischel
if....then contingency model
Describe someone with avoidant personality disorder
illegal activities, impulsive and risky behaviors, irritable, aggressive, and irresponsible, problems caused to others do not bother the individual
Walter Mischel and his 1968 book Personality Assessment are noteworthy because this work ___________________.
is credited for starting the person-situation debate by claiming that personality is not as important as situational factors in behavioral prediction.
name the goal: Goals to validate an attribute in oneself
judgement goal
45. According to the textbook what are the two purposes of the DSM , one purpose of the DSM is to _______________________, and a second is to __________________________
make psychiatric diagnosis more objective; facilitate insurance billing
The cumulative effect that random influences have on the outcome of interest
measurement error
Emphasis on attaining goals
need for achievement
name the goal: Goals that are long-term and can organize broad areas of a person's life
personal strivings
name the approach: Understanding the unconscious mind and the effects of motivations and conflicts that we are not aware of
psychoanalytic
A method or instrument that provides the same information repeatedly is
reliable
sensitivity to success and failure
self regard
Gloria is at a job interview and is asked to tell the interviewer a little about herself. Gloria says that she is friendly, hardworking, and reliable. What self is she describing?
the "me"
What is Developmental Personality Psychology?
the kind of increase (or decrease) in the mean level of a trait over time
A researcher seeks to understand the reasons that a person uses drugs. Which approach is the researcher most likely to adopt
the many trait approach
limited acceptance for those outside cultural norms
tightness
Availability of goals and the ways to achieve them are limited
toughness
name the approach: Understanding individual differences and the ways in which we are psychologically unique
trait
What is the most important criteria for personality disorders?
unusual, tend to cause problems, affect social relationships, and is stable across time
an instrument that actually reflects the construct of interest is
valid
belief that people are unique
vertical
What would happen to your emotional response if zombies ate you amygdala (assume, of course, you lived and didn't turn into a zombie).
you would no longer have emotions specifically anger and fear, or they wouldn't be correct
What is your construal
your particular experience of the world. Forms the basis of how you live your life, including the goals you pursue and the obstacles and opportunities you perceive.