Anatomy and Physiology II - Exam IV
The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces
urea
_________ is the most abundant organic waste
urea
The element that is necessary for the proper function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is
zinc
Secretion of hydrogen ion by the PCT is by the process of
countertransport
The ___________ test is often used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate
creatinine clearance
The first steps of catabolism generally take place in the
cytosol
When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________ state.
post absorptive
Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the
proximal convoluted tubule
The function of the citric acid cycle is to
remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes
Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the
renal corpuscle
The inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is
renal failure
The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the
renal pelvis
The carbon dioxide released by the lungs into the atmosphere was very likely produced within __________.
the citric acid cycle
When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases
the osmolarity of the urine decreases
The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin
A
Which of these is NOT a property of countercurrent multiplication?
it is opposed by the vasa recta
Which of the following activities is not related to kidney function?
lipid digestion
When the bladder is full, urine is eliminated through the process known as
micturition
Catabolism of protein is not a practical source of quick energy because of all of the following except that
most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs.
The ____________ is the plasma concentration at which a specific compound will begin appearing in the urine
renal threshold
The formation of GTP from GDP in the citric acid cycle is an example of
substrate-level phosphorylation
If the micturition reflex is primarily controlled by parasympathetic innervation, then how is it that you have voluntary control of when you choose to urinate?
the external urethral sphincter is under skeletal muscle control. when it is voluntarily relaxed, the internal urethral sphincter will open, allowing for the flow of urine
The urinary filtrate first enters ___________
the glomerular (Bowman) capsule
Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.
the mitochondria
In order to determine the LDL level in a patient's blood, it is necessary to measure
total cholesterol level, HDL level, and triglyceride level
The detrusor muscle
compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra
The majority of the glomeruli are located in the ______ of the kidney
cortex
Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by
cotransport with Na and K ions
The removal of amino group from a protein to prepare it to enter the citric acid cycle is termed
deamination
Your doctor has diagnosed you with prostatitis, an inflammation and swelling involving the prostate gland. one of your primary symptoms is
dribbling urination
Most of the ATP from metabolism is produced in the
electron transport system
Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called ________ fatty acids
essential
Frank has diabetes mellitus and his blood pH has dropped. What is the most likely cause of his acidosis?
excess ketone formation
The process of ___________ involves a carrier protein that can transport a molecule across the cell membrane down its concentration gradient
facilitated diffusion
The two most important coenzymes for glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are
NAD and FAD
Basically, what occurs in the countercurrent multiplier process?
a higher sodium concentration is produced by in the renal medulla that osmotically draws out water, reducing it within the tubules and the urine
A glomerulus is a
a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle
A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. this may be due to
absence of ADH
A transport mechanism that can move a substance against a concentration gradient by using cellular energy is
active transport
Blood is supplied to a nephron by its _________
afferent arterioles
Which of these hormones causes the kidney to increase the body's content of sodium?
aldosterone
The end products of aerobic respiration are
carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are
chylomicrons
The condition called _________ is especially dangerous because the ureters or renal blood vessels can become twisted or kinked during movement
floating kidney
The step in kidney function in which fluid is forced out of the blood includes moving fluid __________
from glomerulus to glomerular capsule
The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
You have been diagnosed with lupus erythematosus, a very sever autoimmune disorder with a wide variety of associated organ-related problems. your doctor is particularly worried about how this will affect your kidney function. he says that you are susceptible to _________ because of the lupus
glomerulonephritis
The process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrates is called
gluconeogenesis
Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest
glucose
All of the following occur during glycolysis
- hydrogen atoms are removed from organic molecules - two molecules of ATP are consumed - a molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid - four molecules of ATP are produced
Glycolysis produces how many pyruvate molecules and how many ATP molecules?
2 pyruvate molecules with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules
Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body.
D
The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin
K
A decrease in blood albumin level will cause a decrease in blood colloid osmotic pressure. this will lead to a rise in the net glomerular filtration pressure. are these two statements true or false?
both statements are true
Eating disorders are common among girls and young women. They result from a psychological problem that causes inadequate or excessive food consumption. Two major eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and
bulimia
Insoluble deposits that form within the urinary tract from calcium salts, magnesium salts, or uric acid are called kidney stones or renal
calculi
On a tour of African countries, Mark contracts a bad case of traveler's diarrhea. Because he can't eat very much, his body starts to use energy sources other than carbohydrates. This would result in all of the following, except
glycogensis
A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as
gout
About 40 percent of the energy content of nutrients is captured as ATP. The remainder is lost as __________
heat
________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.
high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to all of the following except
increased fluid retention
An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is
iron
Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are
peritubular capillaries
One of the organic substances not normally excreted by the kidney is ______________
protein
The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is
reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water