Anatomy and Physiology II - Exam IV

The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces

urea

_________ is the most abundant organic waste

urea

The element that is necessary for the proper function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is

zinc

Secretion of hydrogen ion by the PCT is by the process of

countertransport

The ___________ test is often used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate

creatinine clearance

The first steps of catabolism generally take place in the

cytosol

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________ state.

post absorptive

Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the

proximal convoluted tubule

The function of the citric acid cycle is to

remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes

Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the

renal corpuscle

The inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is

renal failure

The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the

renal pelvis

The carbon dioxide released by the lungs into the atmosphere was very likely produced within __________.

the citric acid cycle

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases

the osmolarity of the urine decreases

The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin

A

Which of these is NOT a property of countercurrent multiplication?

it is opposed by the vasa recta

Which of the following activities is not related to kidney function?

lipid digestion

When the bladder is full, urine is eliminated through the process known as

micturition

Catabolism of protein is not a practical source of quick energy because of all of the following except that

most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs.

The ____________ is the plasma concentration at which a specific compound will begin appearing in the urine

renal threshold

The formation of GTP from GDP in the citric acid cycle is an example of

substrate-level phosphorylation

If the micturition reflex is primarily controlled by parasympathetic innervation, then how is it that you have voluntary control of when you choose to urinate?

the external urethral sphincter is under skeletal muscle control. when it is voluntarily relaxed, the internal urethral sphincter will open, allowing for the flow of urine

The urinary filtrate first enters ___________

the glomerular (Bowman) capsule

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.

the mitochondria

In order to determine the LDL level in a patient's blood, it is necessary to measure

total cholesterol level, HDL level, and triglyceride level

The detrusor muscle

compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra

The majority of the glomeruli are located in the ______ of the kidney

cortex

Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by

cotransport with Na and K ions

The removal of amino group from a protein to prepare it to enter the citric acid cycle is termed

deamination

Your doctor has diagnosed you with prostatitis, an inflammation and swelling involving the prostate gland. one of your primary symptoms is

dribbling urination

Most of the ATP from metabolism is produced in the

electron transport system

Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called ________ fatty acids

essential

Frank has diabetes mellitus and his blood pH has dropped. What is the most likely cause of his acidosis?

excess ketone formation

The process of ___________ involves a carrier protein that can transport a molecule across the cell membrane down its concentration gradient

facilitated diffusion

The two most important coenzymes for glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are

NAD and FAD

Basically, what occurs in the countercurrent multiplier process?

a higher sodium concentration is produced by in the renal medulla that osmotically draws out water, reducing it within the tubules and the urine

A glomerulus is a

a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. this may be due to

absence of ADH

A transport mechanism that can move a substance against a concentration gradient by using cellular energy is

active transport

Blood is supplied to a nephron by its _________

afferent arterioles

Which of these hormones causes the kidney to increase the body's content of sodium?

aldosterone

The end products of aerobic respiration are

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are

chylomicrons

The condition called _________ is especially dangerous because the ureters or renal blood vessels can become twisted or kinked during movement

floating kidney

The step in kidney function in which fluid is forced out of the blood includes moving fluid __________

from glomerulus to glomerular capsule

The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

You have been diagnosed with lupus erythematosus, a very sever autoimmune disorder with a wide variety of associated organ-related problems. your doctor is particularly worried about how this will affect your kidney function. he says that you are susceptible to _________ because of the lupus

glomerulonephritis

The process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrates is called

gluconeogenesis

Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest

glucose

All of the following occur during glycolysis

- hydrogen atoms are removed from organic molecules - two molecules of ATP are consumed - a molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid - four molecules of ATP are produced

Glycolysis produces how many pyruvate molecules and how many ATP molecules?

2 pyruvate molecules with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules

Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body.

D

The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin

K

A decrease in blood albumin level will cause a decrease in blood colloid osmotic pressure. this will lead to a rise in the net glomerular filtration pressure. are these two statements true or false?

both statements are true

Eating disorders are common among girls and young women. They result from a psychological problem that causes inadequate or excessive food consumption. Two major eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and

bulimia

Insoluble deposits that form within the urinary tract from calcium salts, magnesium salts, or uric acid are called kidney stones or renal

calculi

On a tour of African countries, Mark contracts a bad case of traveler's diarrhea. Because he can't eat very much, his body starts to use energy sources other than carbohydrates. This would result in all of the following, except

glycogensis

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as

gout

About 40 percent of the energy content of nutrients is captured as ATP. The remainder is lost as __________

heat

________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.

high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to all of the following except

increased fluid retention

An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is

iron

Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are

peritubular capillaries

One of the organic substances not normally excreted by the kidney is ______________

protein

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is

reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water