PSYC 4070 Exam 1 Ch 4-6 : Rosenthal

Gestures

"baby signs" taught by caregivers around 6 mo - 1yr -involves hand use; such as pointing; well developed by 12 mo

Advances in neurological functioning allows the fetus to reach: viability

- fetus born in this trimester is too early but still can survive. advances in neurological functioning allows ________ happen?

Infants ability to distinguish sounds never spoken in their native language: deteriorates

__________ -to teach children two languages, you must speak both to child consistently from birth, onward. this is the infants ability to distinguish sounds ____ ______ in their native language

ceasection

______________ -- fetus is removed through incisions in the mother's abdomen -only 15% births medically indicate this 1/3 rd of US birth occurs like this

A placenta must achieve:

a _____ must achieve implantation= embed into the nurturing lining of the uterus

1st month by 3rd month 9th month

_________; caregiver memories - by ______ mo; motor memories ______ mo; more complex memories this is when certain types of memories are apparent in infants

A mother's heavy drinking can cause: eyes, ears and upper limbs

a mothers heavy ____ can cause fetal alcohol syndrome -- distorts the facial features of a child (esp. ______,______ and ____ ______)

Self-righting

an inborn drive to compensate and overcome problems

A century ago, regarding newborn survival: 5

at least _____ in every 100 newborns in the US died when was this

Growth occurs in a

cephalocaudal (head-down) pattern and in a proximodistal (near-to-far) pattern, which extremities forming last. -continues until puberty then pattern reverses what occurs in this

Experience expectant growth

certain functions require basic experiences in order to develop -- almost a part of every human life- necessary for brains to grow as genes direct experience ______ growth

Cultures and families vary how much:

child-directed speech is heard _____ and ______ vary by how much this is

Gross Motor Skills

deliberate actions that coordinate many part of the body, producing large movements ____ _____ skills

visual cliff

designed to provide the illusion of a sudden drop off between one horizontal surface and another - classic research study by Gibson showed 6 mo olds effortlessly wiggling towards mothers over it, but 10 mo olds fearful even with encouragement (until they can crawl, they do not know crawling over an edge can afford falling)

Hearing

develops in the last trimester of pregnancy -infants can soon calculate difference between sound reaching left & right ear; and can pinpoint source of noise

affordances

experiences always affects which ________ are perceived; obvious in studies of depth perception

Fragile X Syndrome

failure of normal synapses pruning -- the dendrites are too dense and long; making thinking difficult. ______ syndrome

Collier's experiment showed:

infant could remember two weeks later if presented a reminder session what experiment showed this

Infants younger than nine months usually do not

infants younger than _______ don't observe someone playing with a toy and imitate it the next day

The most dramatic proof of infant memory comes from

innovative experiments in which 3 mo.olds learned to move a mobile by kicking their legs -babies laid on backs with ribbon connected to their foot -- almost every baby made occasional kicks & saw that the mobile moved; then motivating them to kick more vigorously. this is where the most dramatic proof of ______ memory

Wasting

severely underweight for age and height

First theory: Language Needing to be Taught:

skinner -parents are expert teachers -repetition strengthens associations, especially when linked to daily life - well-taught infants become articulate, highly verbal children which theory is this and whats it called

Head-Sparing

teething or stuffed up nose temporarily slows eating, body weight is affected before the brain weight this is called?

Critical period

teratogens introduced later in the pregnancy can increase negative affects on the birth ____ period

The embryonic period is when:

the ______ period is when the mass of cells start to take shape

apgar

the _______ scale --consists of 5 vital signs to alert doctors of newborn health : heart rate, color, cry, muscle tone, and breathing -- this is assessed one minute and five minutes after birth, using a 0-2 rating scale for each category this is an assessment of what

The fetal period encompasses:

the dramatic change of gaining sex -if the 23rd chromosome pair is XY then the SRY gene on the Y will trigger development of male sex organs the _____ period encompasses this

What induces birth?

the fetal brain signals release of hormones, specifically oxytocin -- preparing fetus for delivery and starts labor -- also increases mother's urge to nurture her baby. this is what _____ birth

The difference between life/death, fragile preterm/robust baby is:

the maturation of the neurological, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems. -the lungs expand & contract, breathing muscles exercised as fetus swallows & spits out amniotic fluid, valves of heart, arteries & veins go through final maturation. this is the difference between what type of babies

Motor Skills

the most dramatic ____ _____ is walking; all basic skills are developed in infancy -begins with reflexes

Teratology

the science of risk analysis; formed after cases of blind babies born in Australia and deformed limb babies in England -assesses the probability of risks -- looking at the impacts of teratogens destructively and constructively

Fathers affects of low birthweight

their behavior during prenatal period, attitude regarding the pregnancy, and the relationship between the parents, may indirectly influence risk for adverse birth outcomes this is the ____ affects of low birthweight

Practice

unbalanced, wide-legged, short strides become a smooth gait becasue of

low birth weight is: 5 1.2

under 2500 grams (______ lbs) categorized as: very-low -- under 3 lbs 5 oz extremely-low -- 2lbs 3 oz this is _____ birth weight

Postpartum Depression

when birth hormones decrease, between 8 and 15% of women experience this sense of inadequacy and sadness -- baby care can feel burdensome what is this

With a combination of experience and brain maturation 10, 8

with the combination of _____ and brain ________, babies become attuned to the goals of others -- more evident at _ mo than _ mo.

legal acceptance

Whether or not present at birth, a father's _____ of the baby has an impact

Tasting

_________ of foods of some cultures may aid survival because of some natural substances are medicinal

The final 3 months of pregnancy:

-each day improves the odds of survival, a healthy life, and normal cognition. this is the final ____ months of pregnancy

touched Touch & Pain

-in first year; infants heart rates slow and they relax when _____ gently and rhythmically on the arm _____ is not certain but is a higher threshold than for adults

first acquired adaptations stage 2, 1month-4month

-begins because reflexes adjust to whatever response they elicit -adaptation is cogn.; it includes repeating old patterns and developing new ones. what stage is this, whats it called and how long does it last

longer than younger babies, with less training or reminding

Older infants remember info ____

new means through active experimentation stage 5, 12-18 months

-builds on accomplishments of stage four, and goal-directed and purposeful activities become more expansive -referred to as little scientists -- experiment in order to see what stage is this, whats it called and how long does it last

Language Acquisition Device

-Hypothesized by Chomsky -Enables children, as brains develop, to derive rules of grammar quickly and effectively from the speech they hear every day regardless of their native language being English ____ _____ device

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment

-administered a day or two after birth; records 46 behaviors, including 20 reflexes. -newborns have 3 sets of reflects that aid survival what assessment is this

Teratogens

-any drug, virus, pollutant, malnutrition, stress - etc; that increases the risk of prenatal abnormalities and birth complications. what drug does this

making interesting sights last stage 3 , 4-8 months

-attempt to produce exciting experiences -sight of something delightful can trigger active efforts for interactions what stage is this, whats it called and how long does it last

new adaptation and anticipation stage 4, 8 months- 1 yr

-babies may ask for help in order to accomplish what they want what stage is this, whats it called and how long does it last

mental combination stage 6, 18-24 months

-intellectual experimentation via imagination can supersede the active experimentation of stage 5. -they think about consequences before acting. -they sure what they have seen in their memory and do it later-- deferred imitation. -allows toddlers to pretend what stage is this, whats it called and how long does it last

Immigrant Paradox

-many immigrants have difficulty getting education and well-paid jobs = low SES; low SES correlates with low birthweight, especially in US. - their babies are expected to be underweight but paradoxically they are not and are healthy in every way this is the _____ ______

Kangaroo care

-mothers (sometimes fathers) rest their babies on their naked chests, these babies gain weight more quickly, sleep deeper, and overall are healthier _______ care

Memories are particularly evident if:

-motivation and emotion are high -retrieval is strengthened by reminders and repetition this is evident in _______

Pruning

-occurs after transient exuberance -process by which unused connection in the brain atrophy and die.

Secondary circular reactions 3 and 4

-reactions extend beyond infants body; circular reaction between baby and something else what stages are this and what are they called

1 and a month

-reflexes become deliberate actions; sensation to perception; perception to cognition; then cognition back to sensation what stage of this and how long does it last

Fine Motor Skills

-small body movements; finger movements, jaw, lips, tongue & toes _____ ____ skills

Threshold effect:

-some teratogens have this -- they are virtually harmless until exposure reaches a certain level which they cross this and become damaging. -dose, timing, and frequency and other teratogens present can fluctuate this ______ effect

Naming Explosion

-spoken vocabulary building rapidly once first 50 words are mastered -many of these are nouns -between 12 and 18 mo; almost every infant learns each significant caregiver & sibling -words most often two of the same syllables this is called the _____ explosion

Primary circular reaction

-stage one & two -circle within infant's body; each experience leads to the next and loops back this is the _____ ____ reaction

Shaken Baby Syndrome

-telling babies to stop crying doesn't work bc their prefrontal cortex, which allows you to make decisions, has not developed yet. -parents result to shaking to stop them from crying, resulting in blood vessel in brain rupturing and neural connections breaking. (possible death or lifelong intellectual impairment) _____ ____ syndrome

The three newborn survival reflexes: oxygen supply constant body temp feeding

-those that maintain _____________: breathing, hiccups, sneezing, and thrashing. -those that maintain ___________________: cry, shiver, tuck legs close to body (cold), push away blankets (hot) -those that manage _________ sucking, rooting, swallowing, spitting, crying what are these

Chronically malnourished children suffer in three ways:

1) brains may not develop normally 2) they have no body reserves to protect them against common diseases 3) Some diseases result directly from malnutrition; such as marasmus (during 1st yr, body tissues waste away) and kwashiorkor (after 1yr, growth slows, hair becomes thin, skin splotchy and face, legs & abdomen swell with fluid -- edema) who suffers in these ways

Dynamic systems perspective:

1) muscle strength 2) brain maturation 3) practice these are _____ system perspectives

Appropriate growth percentage

10-90% successively is okay ______ ______ percentage

newborns first 2 months 3-6 months 6-17 months

15-17 hrs:_____ 14 1/4 hr - ________ 13 1/4 hr- __________ 12 3/4 hr - ______________

6 28

1950: 1 in _ infants died before age 1 2015: 1 in ___ infant deaths these are infant mortality rates in the US

Age of viability is:

22 weeks this is the age of ______

genes

A third factor that can affect teratogens are:

20

About ___ percent of children have difficulties that could be connected to behavioral teratogens

Child-directed speech

Adults use of higher pitched speech, simple words, repetition, varied speed, and exaggerate emotional tone when talking to infants. -it fosters learning, and babies communicate the best they can. ____ _____ speech

skills in the same sequence; culture encourages certain kinds of practices

All healthy infants develop ______ but age of acquisition varies because ______

half

Brain at birth is only ___ as large as the brain at one year

native dont

By one year, infants are more likely to imitate the actions of a stranger who speak their ______ language than those who ______

culture

Co-sleeping results from

immunizations

Deadly diseases are now rare due to ______ -they prime the body's immune system to resist a particular disease

first few months of life

Doctors recommend breast milk with no other food in the:

fewer, but much healthier children

Educated women have ______ than non-educated

expect and need

Infant brains do not develop well if they do not have the basic experiences that all humans ____ and _____

Third Theory of Language

Infants Teach Themselves -language learning is genetically programmed to begin at a certain age -- arises from universal genetic impulse to imitate which theory of language is this

6 month, stand and walk

Infants with chubby legs on dry land at _____ gaining strength can ____

cognitive

Information-processing research has found that signs of attention correlate with later ______ ability

no; because memories fade even in infants, meaning memories are not necessarily absent

Is infant amnesia accurate?-

child's language progress

Mean length of utterance is used to measure a childs _____ _____

Babbling

Occurs between 6 & 9mo -they repeat certain syllables; it is experience-expectant -they can notice the relationship between mouth movement and sound

Argument against bed-sharing:

SIDS is twice as likely -babies learn from experience and may share a bed long past infancy argument for/against ______

1

Second-born children are twice as likely to have autism spectrum disorder if they are born within ___ year(s) of the first-born child

Second theory of language

Social Impulses Foster Infant Language -infants communicate because humans are social beings, dependent on one another for survival and joy -they seek to master words and grammar in order to join the social world -emotional messages of speech propel communication which theory of language is this

five fold, 24 months

There is a ___ increases in dendrites in the cortex that occurs ____ after birth

face, voice and smell

Within the first few weeks after birth, infants can recognize their caregivers by:

First Words holophrases

___ ____ are uttered at about 1 yr; labels for familiar things __________= single words expressing an entire thought

Protein-calorie malnutrition occurs when:

____ _____ malnutrition occurs when a person does not consume enough food to sustain normal growth

male

_____ fetuses are more likely to be spontaneously aborted, still-born, or harmed by teratogens.

Newborn death today:

_____ in every 250 births this is newborn ____ today

Fine motor skill development (by age): first 2 months 3 months 4 months 6 months

_____- excitedly stare & wave arms at objects within reach _____ - can touch obj ______- can grab, but timing is off _______- most can reach, grab, and grasp object that is the right size for them this is ______ _______ skill development

Piaget called cognition within the first 2 years: sensorimotor intelligence

______ ________ -- early reflexes, movements, and senses are the raw materials for infant cognition who called cognition this and what is it called

Many warnings early in pregnancy are: false positives

______ _________: they falsely suggest a problem that does not exist this is many warnings _____ in pregnancy

Seeing

______ is immature at birth; legally blind and can only focus on things 4-30 in away -experience combines with maturation of visual cortex to improve ability to see shapes and notice details

Prenatal Development is divided into three main periods: germinal embryonic fetal

_______ (1st two weeks) _________ (week 3-8) ________ (week 8 to birth) _____ development is divided into these

babinski stepping swimming palmar grasping moro

_______ -newborns feet when stroked, toes fan upward ________- newborns held upright, feet touching flat surface -- move legs as though walking ______- when held horizontally on stomach, they stretch out arms and legs _________ - something touches their palms, they grip tightly ________ - someone banging on table they lay on, they fling arms outward and bring arms to chest and cry with eyes wide-open

brain organs

_______ _______ grow more rapidly two weeks after conception to 2 years post birth

SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)

a seemingly healthy baby, usually between 2 and 6 mo, suddenly stops breathing and dies unexpectedly while sleeping. what is this due to?

A doula is:

a trained and dedicated professional, helping mothers in the entire birth process what is this

Birth occurs:

about 266 days (usually 38, but 36-39 weeks is considered full term) this is when _____ occurs

Smell

adaptation occurs for sense of ______ -as babies learn to recognize each person's ______, they prefer to sleep next to their caregivers.

Behavioral teratogens:

affect the brain, not any physical defects, but can cause a child to be hyperactive, anti-social, or intellectually disabled. _________ __________

Two aspects of infant cognition

affordance and memory these are the 2 aspects of _______ cognition

Grammar

all of the methods that languages use to communicate -becomes essential when babies combine words between 18-24 mo

small for gestational age

babies not pre-term that gain weight slowly throughout pregnancy small for _____ age

preterm baby

baby born 2 or more weeks early ____ baby

tertiary circular reactions

begin when 1 yr olds take independent actions to discover the properties of other people, animals, and things -no longer responding to their own bodies, other people/objects. their responses are like a spiral, becoming increasingly creative. ______ circular reactions

Stunting

being short for their age because chronic malnutrition kept them from growing

Skin-to-skin contact is:

beneficial, not necessarily essential for human nurturance ____ ____ ____ contact

4, a year 10 inc

birthweight typically doubles by __ months and triples by a _____ -they grow about ____ in. in a year

Middle three months of fetal growth

body parts move; mothers can feel quickening, -crucial development is the central nervous system activating middle ___ ____ of fetal growth

Transient exuberance:

early dendrite growth (temporarily) ______ exuberance

kicking

first leg movements: _______, occurs without much thought -as brain maturation, deliberate & coordinated leg action becomes possible

Parental Alliance

formed by communication between new parents; a commitment by both parents to cooperate in raising their child. _____ alliance

Full-term newborn dream more because: dream

half of their sleep is REM sleep = they ______ more because of this

Human, breast-milk is better because:

human milk is sterile, more digestible and is rich in nutrients -it also adjusts to the age of the baby and meets the nutritional needs at that time. ____ ____ ____ is better because

An epidural adds:

more than 2 hours to the time required for a vaginal birth; on average what adds this

1st

most child deaths occur within the ___ month

Newborns prefer to listen to the language their mothers spoke because:

newborns prefer to listen to the ____ ____ _____ steal because they are familiar with the rhythm, sounds, and the cadence

low birth weights

nutrition deficits & drug use this is the plausible contribution to the high ______ in US babies

colostrum

nutrition starts with ________ = thick, high-calorie fluid secreted by the mother's breast at birth

Affordance

opportunities that the environment affords/offers to react with whatever is perceived -each ______ depends on: 1)senses 2) motivation 3) maturation 4) experience

Couvade

paternal experiences of pregnancy and birth is called ______

Practice of every motor skill

practice of every ____ _____, advances development overal

cortisol hypervigilant emotional flat

produce an over abundance of ___________ production, when early in life, makes the brain react to stress oddly, life-long --___________: always on alert --_______________: never happy, sad, angry too much of a wrong stimulation can do this

Early care:

protects fetal growth, connects women to their particular fetus, makes birth easier, and render parents better able to cope. _____ care

Argument for co-sleeping:

quick access to a hungry or frightened baby argument for/against ________

Cerebral palsy :

results from genetic sensitivity, teratogens, and maternal infection, worsened by insufficient oxygen to the fetal brain at birth (anoxia) this is called?

Experience-Dependent Growth

some brain functions depend on particular experience non-essential; happen in some families and culture, but not others -- variability experience _____ growth

Parent-Infant bond

strong-loving connection that forms as parents hold, examine and feed their newborn ____- _____ bond

Lack of stimulation

stunts brain growth lack of _____ does this