PSYC 4070 Exam 1 Ch 4-6 : Rosenthal
Gestures
"baby signs" taught by caregivers around 6 mo - 1yr -involves hand use; such as pointing; well developed by 12 mo
Advances in neurological functioning allows the fetus to reach: viability
- fetus born in this trimester is too early but still can survive. advances in neurological functioning allows ________ happen?
Infants ability to distinguish sounds never spoken in their native language: deteriorates
__________ -to teach children two languages, you must speak both to child consistently from birth, onward. this is the infants ability to distinguish sounds ____ ______ in their native language
ceasection
______________ -- fetus is removed through incisions in the mother's abdomen -only 15% births medically indicate this 1/3 rd of US birth occurs like this
A placenta must achieve:
a _____ must achieve implantation= embed into the nurturing lining of the uterus
1st month by 3rd month 9th month
_________; caregiver memories - by ______ mo; motor memories ______ mo; more complex memories this is when certain types of memories are apparent in infants
A mother's heavy drinking can cause: eyes, ears and upper limbs
a mothers heavy ____ can cause fetal alcohol syndrome -- distorts the facial features of a child (esp. ______,______ and ____ ______)
Self-righting
an inborn drive to compensate and overcome problems
A century ago, regarding newborn survival: 5
at least _____ in every 100 newborns in the US died when was this
Growth occurs in a
cephalocaudal (head-down) pattern and in a proximodistal (near-to-far) pattern, which extremities forming last. -continues until puberty then pattern reverses what occurs in this
Experience expectant growth
certain functions require basic experiences in order to develop -- almost a part of every human life- necessary for brains to grow as genes direct experience ______ growth
Cultures and families vary how much:
child-directed speech is heard _____ and ______ vary by how much this is
Gross Motor Skills
deliberate actions that coordinate many part of the body, producing large movements ____ _____ skills
visual cliff
designed to provide the illusion of a sudden drop off between one horizontal surface and another - classic research study by Gibson showed 6 mo olds effortlessly wiggling towards mothers over it, but 10 mo olds fearful even with encouragement (until they can crawl, they do not know crawling over an edge can afford falling)
Hearing
develops in the last trimester of pregnancy -infants can soon calculate difference between sound reaching left & right ear; and can pinpoint source of noise
affordances
experiences always affects which ________ are perceived; obvious in studies of depth perception
Fragile X Syndrome
failure of normal synapses pruning -- the dendrites are too dense and long; making thinking difficult. ______ syndrome
Collier's experiment showed:
infant could remember two weeks later if presented a reminder session what experiment showed this
Infants younger than nine months usually do not
infants younger than _______ don't observe someone playing with a toy and imitate it the next day
The most dramatic proof of infant memory comes from
innovative experiments in which 3 mo.olds learned to move a mobile by kicking their legs -babies laid on backs with ribbon connected to their foot -- almost every baby made occasional kicks & saw that the mobile moved; then motivating them to kick more vigorously. this is where the most dramatic proof of ______ memory
Wasting
severely underweight for age and height
First theory: Language Needing to be Taught:
skinner -parents are expert teachers -repetition strengthens associations, especially when linked to daily life - well-taught infants become articulate, highly verbal children which theory is this and whats it called
Head-Sparing
teething or stuffed up nose temporarily slows eating, body weight is affected before the brain weight this is called?
Critical period
teratogens introduced later in the pregnancy can increase negative affects on the birth ____ period
The embryonic period is when:
the ______ period is when the mass of cells start to take shape
apgar
the _______ scale --consists of 5 vital signs to alert doctors of newborn health : heart rate, color, cry, muscle tone, and breathing -- this is assessed one minute and five minutes after birth, using a 0-2 rating scale for each category this is an assessment of what
The fetal period encompasses:
the dramatic change of gaining sex -if the 23rd chromosome pair is XY then the SRY gene on the Y will trigger development of male sex organs the _____ period encompasses this
What induces birth?
the fetal brain signals release of hormones, specifically oxytocin -- preparing fetus for delivery and starts labor -- also increases mother's urge to nurture her baby. this is what _____ birth
The difference between life/death, fragile preterm/robust baby is:
the maturation of the neurological, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems. -the lungs expand & contract, breathing muscles exercised as fetus swallows & spits out amniotic fluid, valves of heart, arteries & veins go through final maturation. this is the difference between what type of babies
Motor Skills
the most dramatic ____ _____ is walking; all basic skills are developed in infancy -begins with reflexes
Teratology
the science of risk analysis; formed after cases of blind babies born in Australia and deformed limb babies in England -assesses the probability of risks -- looking at the impacts of teratogens destructively and constructively
Fathers affects of low birthweight
their behavior during prenatal period, attitude regarding the pregnancy, and the relationship between the parents, may indirectly influence risk for adverse birth outcomes this is the ____ affects of low birthweight
Practice
unbalanced, wide-legged, short strides become a smooth gait becasue of
low birth weight is: 5 1.2
under 2500 grams (______ lbs) categorized as: very-low -- under 3 lbs 5 oz extremely-low -- 2lbs 3 oz this is _____ birth weight
Postpartum Depression
when birth hormones decrease, between 8 and 15% of women experience this sense of inadequacy and sadness -- baby care can feel burdensome what is this
With a combination of experience and brain maturation 10, 8
with the combination of _____ and brain ________, babies become attuned to the goals of others -- more evident at _ mo than _ mo.
legal acceptance
Whether or not present at birth, a father's _____ of the baby has an impact
Tasting
_________ of foods of some cultures may aid survival because of some natural substances are medicinal
The final 3 months of pregnancy:
-each day improves the odds of survival, a healthy life, and normal cognition. this is the final ____ months of pregnancy
touched Touch & Pain
-in first year; infants heart rates slow and they relax when _____ gently and rhythmically on the arm _____ is not certain but is a higher threshold than for adults
first acquired adaptations stage 2, 1month-4month
-begins because reflexes adjust to whatever response they elicit -adaptation is cogn.; it includes repeating old patterns and developing new ones. what stage is this, whats it called and how long does it last
longer than younger babies, with less training or reminding
Older infants remember info ____
new means through active experimentation stage 5, 12-18 months
-builds on accomplishments of stage four, and goal-directed and purposeful activities become more expansive -referred to as little scientists -- experiment in order to see what stage is this, whats it called and how long does it last
Language Acquisition Device
-Hypothesized by Chomsky -Enables children, as brains develop, to derive rules of grammar quickly and effectively from the speech they hear every day regardless of their native language being English ____ _____ device
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment
-administered a day or two after birth; records 46 behaviors, including 20 reflexes. -newborns have 3 sets of reflects that aid survival what assessment is this
Teratogens
-any drug, virus, pollutant, malnutrition, stress - etc; that increases the risk of prenatal abnormalities and birth complications. what drug does this
making interesting sights last stage 3 , 4-8 months
-attempt to produce exciting experiences -sight of something delightful can trigger active efforts for interactions what stage is this, whats it called and how long does it last
new adaptation and anticipation stage 4, 8 months- 1 yr
-babies may ask for help in order to accomplish what they want what stage is this, whats it called and how long does it last
mental combination stage 6, 18-24 months
-intellectual experimentation via imagination can supersede the active experimentation of stage 5. -they think about consequences before acting. -they sure what they have seen in their memory and do it later-- deferred imitation. -allows toddlers to pretend what stage is this, whats it called and how long does it last
Immigrant Paradox
-many immigrants have difficulty getting education and well-paid jobs = low SES; low SES correlates with low birthweight, especially in US. - their babies are expected to be underweight but paradoxically they are not and are healthy in every way this is the _____ ______
Kangaroo care
-mothers (sometimes fathers) rest their babies on their naked chests, these babies gain weight more quickly, sleep deeper, and overall are healthier _______ care
Memories are particularly evident if:
-motivation and emotion are high -retrieval is strengthened by reminders and repetition this is evident in _______
Pruning
-occurs after transient exuberance -process by which unused connection in the brain atrophy and die.
Secondary circular reactions 3 and 4
-reactions extend beyond infants body; circular reaction between baby and something else what stages are this and what are they called
1 and a month
-reflexes become deliberate actions; sensation to perception; perception to cognition; then cognition back to sensation what stage of this and how long does it last
Fine Motor Skills
-small body movements; finger movements, jaw, lips, tongue & toes _____ ____ skills
Threshold effect:
-some teratogens have this -- they are virtually harmless until exposure reaches a certain level which they cross this and become damaging. -dose, timing, and frequency and other teratogens present can fluctuate this ______ effect
Naming Explosion
-spoken vocabulary building rapidly once first 50 words are mastered -many of these are nouns -between 12 and 18 mo; almost every infant learns each significant caregiver & sibling -words most often two of the same syllables this is called the _____ explosion
Primary circular reaction
-stage one & two -circle within infant's body; each experience leads to the next and loops back this is the _____ ____ reaction
Shaken Baby Syndrome
-telling babies to stop crying doesn't work bc their prefrontal cortex, which allows you to make decisions, has not developed yet. -parents result to shaking to stop them from crying, resulting in blood vessel in brain rupturing and neural connections breaking. (possible death or lifelong intellectual impairment) _____ ____ syndrome
The three newborn survival reflexes: oxygen supply constant body temp feeding
-those that maintain _____________: breathing, hiccups, sneezing, and thrashing. -those that maintain ___________________: cry, shiver, tuck legs close to body (cold), push away blankets (hot) -those that manage _________ sucking, rooting, swallowing, spitting, crying what are these
Chronically malnourished children suffer in three ways:
1) brains may not develop normally 2) they have no body reserves to protect them against common diseases 3) Some diseases result directly from malnutrition; such as marasmus (during 1st yr, body tissues waste away) and kwashiorkor (after 1yr, growth slows, hair becomes thin, skin splotchy and face, legs & abdomen swell with fluid -- edema) who suffers in these ways
Dynamic systems perspective:
1) muscle strength 2) brain maturation 3) practice these are _____ system perspectives
Appropriate growth percentage
10-90% successively is okay ______ ______ percentage
newborns first 2 months 3-6 months 6-17 months
15-17 hrs:_____ 14 1/4 hr - ________ 13 1/4 hr- __________ 12 3/4 hr - ______________
6 28
1950: 1 in _ infants died before age 1 2015: 1 in ___ infant deaths these are infant mortality rates in the US
Age of viability is:
22 weeks this is the age of ______
genes
A third factor that can affect teratogens are:
20
About ___ percent of children have difficulties that could be connected to behavioral teratogens
Child-directed speech
Adults use of higher pitched speech, simple words, repetition, varied speed, and exaggerate emotional tone when talking to infants. -it fosters learning, and babies communicate the best they can. ____ _____ speech
skills in the same sequence; culture encourages certain kinds of practices
All healthy infants develop ______ but age of acquisition varies because ______
half
Brain at birth is only ___ as large as the brain at one year
native dont
By one year, infants are more likely to imitate the actions of a stranger who speak their ______ language than those who ______
culture
Co-sleeping results from
immunizations
Deadly diseases are now rare due to ______ -they prime the body's immune system to resist a particular disease
first few months of life
Doctors recommend breast milk with no other food in the:
fewer, but much healthier children
Educated women have ______ than non-educated
expect and need
Infant brains do not develop well if they do not have the basic experiences that all humans ____ and _____
Third Theory of Language
Infants Teach Themselves -language learning is genetically programmed to begin at a certain age -- arises from universal genetic impulse to imitate which theory of language is this
6 month, stand and walk
Infants with chubby legs on dry land at _____ gaining strength can ____
cognitive
Information-processing research has found that signs of attention correlate with later ______ ability
no; because memories fade even in infants, meaning memories are not necessarily absent
Is infant amnesia accurate?-
child's language progress
Mean length of utterance is used to measure a childs _____ _____
Babbling
Occurs between 6 & 9mo -they repeat certain syllables; it is experience-expectant -they can notice the relationship between mouth movement and sound
Argument against bed-sharing:
SIDS is twice as likely -babies learn from experience and may share a bed long past infancy argument for/against ______
1
Second-born children are twice as likely to have autism spectrum disorder if they are born within ___ year(s) of the first-born child
Second theory of language
Social Impulses Foster Infant Language -infants communicate because humans are social beings, dependent on one another for survival and joy -they seek to master words and grammar in order to join the social world -emotional messages of speech propel communication which theory of language is this
five fold, 24 months
There is a ___ increases in dendrites in the cortex that occurs ____ after birth
face, voice and smell
Within the first few weeks after birth, infants can recognize their caregivers by:
First Words holophrases
___ ____ are uttered at about 1 yr; labels for familiar things __________= single words expressing an entire thought
Protein-calorie malnutrition occurs when:
____ _____ malnutrition occurs when a person does not consume enough food to sustain normal growth
male
_____ fetuses are more likely to be spontaneously aborted, still-born, or harmed by teratogens.
Newborn death today:
_____ in every 250 births this is newborn ____ today
Fine motor skill development (by age): first 2 months 3 months 4 months 6 months
_____- excitedly stare & wave arms at objects within reach _____ - can touch obj ______- can grab, but timing is off _______- most can reach, grab, and grasp object that is the right size for them this is ______ _______ skill development
Piaget called cognition within the first 2 years: sensorimotor intelligence
______ ________ -- early reflexes, movements, and senses are the raw materials for infant cognition who called cognition this and what is it called
Many warnings early in pregnancy are: false positives
______ _________: they falsely suggest a problem that does not exist this is many warnings _____ in pregnancy
Seeing
______ is immature at birth; legally blind and can only focus on things 4-30 in away -experience combines with maturation of visual cortex to improve ability to see shapes and notice details
Prenatal Development is divided into three main periods: germinal embryonic fetal
_______ (1st two weeks) _________ (week 3-8) ________ (week 8 to birth) _____ development is divided into these
babinski stepping swimming palmar grasping moro
_______ -newborns feet when stroked, toes fan upward ________- newborns held upright, feet touching flat surface -- move legs as though walking ______- when held horizontally on stomach, they stretch out arms and legs _________ - something touches their palms, they grip tightly ________ - someone banging on table they lay on, they fling arms outward and bring arms to chest and cry with eyes wide-open
brain organs
_______ _______ grow more rapidly two weeks after conception to 2 years post birth
SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)
a seemingly healthy baby, usually between 2 and 6 mo, suddenly stops breathing and dies unexpectedly while sleeping. what is this due to?
A doula is:
a trained and dedicated professional, helping mothers in the entire birth process what is this
Birth occurs:
about 266 days (usually 38, but 36-39 weeks is considered full term) this is when _____ occurs
Smell
adaptation occurs for sense of ______ -as babies learn to recognize each person's ______, they prefer to sleep next to their caregivers.
Behavioral teratogens:
affect the brain, not any physical defects, but can cause a child to be hyperactive, anti-social, or intellectually disabled. _________ __________
Two aspects of infant cognition
affordance and memory these are the 2 aspects of _______ cognition
Grammar
all of the methods that languages use to communicate -becomes essential when babies combine words between 18-24 mo
small for gestational age
babies not pre-term that gain weight slowly throughout pregnancy small for _____ age
preterm baby
baby born 2 or more weeks early ____ baby
tertiary circular reactions
begin when 1 yr olds take independent actions to discover the properties of other people, animals, and things -no longer responding to their own bodies, other people/objects. their responses are like a spiral, becoming increasingly creative. ______ circular reactions
Stunting
being short for their age because chronic malnutrition kept them from growing
Skin-to-skin contact is:
beneficial, not necessarily essential for human nurturance ____ ____ ____ contact
4, a year 10 inc
birthweight typically doubles by __ months and triples by a _____ -they grow about ____ in. in a year
Middle three months of fetal growth
body parts move; mothers can feel quickening, -crucial development is the central nervous system activating middle ___ ____ of fetal growth
Transient exuberance:
early dendrite growth (temporarily) ______ exuberance
kicking
first leg movements: _______, occurs without much thought -as brain maturation, deliberate & coordinated leg action becomes possible
Parental Alliance
formed by communication between new parents; a commitment by both parents to cooperate in raising their child. _____ alliance
Full-term newborn dream more because: dream
half of their sleep is REM sleep = they ______ more because of this
Human, breast-milk is better because:
human milk is sterile, more digestible and is rich in nutrients -it also adjusts to the age of the baby and meets the nutritional needs at that time. ____ ____ ____ is better because
An epidural adds:
more than 2 hours to the time required for a vaginal birth; on average what adds this
1st
most child deaths occur within the ___ month
Newborns prefer to listen to the language their mothers spoke because:
newborns prefer to listen to the ____ ____ _____ steal because they are familiar with the rhythm, sounds, and the cadence
low birth weights
nutrition deficits & drug use this is the plausible contribution to the high ______ in US babies
colostrum
nutrition starts with ________ = thick, high-calorie fluid secreted by the mother's breast at birth
Affordance
opportunities that the environment affords/offers to react with whatever is perceived -each ______ depends on: 1)senses 2) motivation 3) maturation 4) experience
Couvade
paternal experiences of pregnancy and birth is called ______
Practice of every motor skill
practice of every ____ _____, advances development overal
cortisol hypervigilant emotional flat
produce an over abundance of ___________ production, when early in life, makes the brain react to stress oddly, life-long --___________: always on alert --_______________: never happy, sad, angry too much of a wrong stimulation can do this
Early care:
protects fetal growth, connects women to their particular fetus, makes birth easier, and render parents better able to cope. _____ care
Argument for co-sleeping:
quick access to a hungry or frightened baby argument for/against ________
Cerebral palsy :
results from genetic sensitivity, teratogens, and maternal infection, worsened by insufficient oxygen to the fetal brain at birth (anoxia) this is called?
Experience-Dependent Growth
some brain functions depend on particular experience non-essential; happen in some families and culture, but not others -- variability experience _____ growth
Parent-Infant bond
strong-loving connection that forms as parents hold, examine and feed their newborn ____- _____ bond
Lack of stimulation
stunts brain growth lack of _____ does this