PSYC 484 - Test #3 (Chapters 9, 10, 11)

Watson's PhD

1903; one of the first to use nonhuman animals (Thorndike was the first)

Watson's behaviorism

1913-1930; nurtured an era of precise measurement and description that found its culmination in 1927 with the operational definition; by moving away from mentalistic elements, the standard for the new psychology could truly be objective observation

Debate in DC at the Psychology Club

1924; Watson & McDougall; hereditary vs. environment

Neobehaviorism

1930-1960; new behaviorism allowed for non-observables to be pursued (awareness, expectations); radical behaviorists (Watson, Skinner) rejected this approach as a step back toward mentalism

Sociobehaviorism

1960-present; attempted to integrate stimulus-response and cognitive psychologies without yielding the goal of utilizing operationally definable constructs and empirically testable hypotheses

Bandura (research led to...)

Adolescent Aggression (1959) Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis (1973)

Washburn was the editor for:

American Journal of Psychology; Psychological Bulletin; Journal of Animal Behavior; Psychological Review; Journal of Comparative Psychology

Watson's dissertation

Animal Education: An Experimental Study of the Physical Development of the White Rat, Correlated with the Growth of its Nervous System (1903); correlated learning ability at different ages with degree of myelination; concluded that degree of myelination unrelated to learning ability

John Watson

late 1800's to mid 1900's; PhD in 1903 from University of Chicago; intentionally founded school of thought; specifically attached structural and functional psychology

Percy Bridgman

late 1800's to mid 1900's; The Logic of Modern Physics (1927) - the concept is synonymous with the corresponding set of operations; concepts can't be measured are meaningless in science; operational definition quickly became part of the experimental vocabulary

Clark Leonard Hull

late 1800's to mid 1900's; drive reduction theory (drives are created as biological needs, behavior is motivated by a need to reduce a drive); explanatory

Edward Chace Tolman

late 1800's to mid 1900's; electrochemistry major at MIT; greatly influenced by James' readings; in senior year, decided to become a philosopher; graduated with BS in electrochemistry then that summer took philosophy and 1st psychology class

E.B. Twitmyer

late 1800's to mid 1900's; graduate student of Witmer at UPenn; discovered and published reflexive conditioning of pateller tendon response; reported finding at APA in 1904 (Pavlov in 1903); ahead of his time, no one noticed; developed and directed the corrective speech clinic at UPenn in 1914

Edwin Ray Guthrie

late 1800's to mid 1900's; learning based on contiguity of stimuli and responses, combinations of stimulus and responses accompany movement and recur with next movement

William McDougall

late 1800's to mid 1900's; professor at Harvard after Munsterberg died, then chaired psychology at Duke, where he displayed intellectual tolerance for diverse psychologies (including parapsychology)

Latent learning

learning occurring without an obvious reward; classic experiment - 3 rats introduced to a maze (receive reinforcement when reach goal, no reinforcement, no food until day 11 and thereafter); group 3 shows rapid improvement on and following food introduction day, showing some learning had occurred when no food was present

Jacques Loeb

mid 1800's to early 1900's; German physiologist and zoologist; University of Chicago

Charles Henry Turner

mid 1800's to early 1900's; PhD at Chicago; comparative work as graduate student in zoology

Vladimir Bekhterev

mid 1800's to early 1900's; Russian psychiatrist and neurophysiologist; applied conditioned reflex research to motor responses of humans; pioneer in nervous system diseases

Joseph Jastrow

mid 1800's to mid 1900's; 1st professor of psychology at University of Wisconsin; then to New School for Social Research in NY; APA president in 1900; wrote for popular press - daily newspaper column from 1928-1932; active in exposing charlatans (mediums, psychics)

Ivan Pavlov

mid 1800's to mid 1900's; Russian physiologist who is credited with discovering classical conditioning; demonstrated learning in non-human animals with no reference to consciousness; conditioning model suggested obvious applications

Edward Lee Thorndike

mid 1800's to mid 1900's; became interested in psychology after reading James' Principles; dissertation at Columbia with Cattell

Margaret Floy Washburn

mid 1800's to mid 1900's; taught animal psychology at Cornell; Titchener's 1st doctoral student; first psyc PhD for woman (1894); first U.S. comparative book (The Animal Mind, 1908); referred to the necessity of anthropomorphism; president of APA in 1921

Watson (advertising)

moves to NY to work with J. Walter Thompson Advertising Agency; studied how motivation influenced shopping behavior; final move to William Etsy Company (advertising executive in 1935)

Thorndike (research conclusions)

observable behavior should be studied (not consciousness); same laws of learning apply to all animals, including humans; published Animal Intelligence in 1911; applied research on non-human animal learning to education; founder of educational psychology

Major forces of zeitgeist leading to behaviorism:

philosophical tradition of objectivism and mechanism; animal psychology; functional psychology; positivism

Watson's goal

prediction and control of behavior (from stimulus-response units to stimulus-responses complexes to specific laws of behavior

Hull (primary and secondary reinforcers)

primary - biological meaning for organism secondary - derive meaning from association with primary

Thorndike (achievements)

professor at Teacher's college, Columbia University from 1899-1940; developed, copyrighted, and sold intelligence measurement instruments (became wealthy); published more than 500 books and articles; president of APA in 1912

Tolman (cognitive theory of learning)

purposive behaviorism; demonstration of cognitive processes argued against S-R psychology; Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men in 1932

Behaviorism

science of observable behavioral acts that can be objectively described

Watson (general life)

stayed in Chicago 5 years after graduation working with Angell; took faculty position at JHU; chair of department and editor of Psychological Review; Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist in 1919 (original article expanded)

Tolman (general life)

Harvard graduate school for philosophy and psychology; studied nonsense syllables with Munsterberg; PhD at Harvard in 1915; dissertation topic was retroactive inhibition; faculty position at University of California Berkeley

Watson successfully promotes psychology

Behaviorism (1925) - hailed as highly significant by popular press; book offered means for personal improvement, adult problems stern from childhood conditioning, so study child development and control conditioning of children

Watson and Rayner's research

Little Albert - conditioned emotional response research; Albert showed learned fear response, which generalized to other stimulus

Tropism

Loeb; the response (usually an orientation) of a plant or animal to the influences of an external stimulus (ex: a plant turning towards the sun)

Impulse psychology

McDougall; aka hormic psychology; psychological activity has a purpose that moves the individual to action; propelling force is urge or instinct; Introduction to Social Psychology in 1908

Thorndike (dissertation, book, views)

first dissertation to use nonhuman animal subjects; Animal Intelligence: An Experimental Study of the Associative Processes in Animals (published by the Psychological Review in 1898); still mentalistic

Sociobehaviorism: the cognitive challenge

has been referred to as methodological behaviorism (focus on empirical research); remember that the radical behaviorists didn't deny that thoughts exist, only that to discuss thoughts without precise definition offered nothing and exposed psychology to criticism

Turner's journal articles

Psychological Notes on the Gallery Spider; Habits of Mound-Building Ants; Experiments on the Color Vision of the Honeybee; Hunting Habits of an American Sand Wasp

Watson (establishes behaviorism)

Psychology as a Behaviorist Views it (1913); science of behavior; study of animal behavior; elements of behavior

Intervening variable

S-O-R psychology, with O representing an organismic variable, the true cause of behavior; way to define unobservable, internal states; Tolman said this psychology was explanatory

Operant chamber

Skinner box for single-subject designs

Thorndike (studies at Harvard and Columbia)

initially studied at Harvard with James (chicks to study maze learning); went to Columbia to study with Cattell, switched to dogs and cats, designed puzzle boxes to study trial and error learning

Tolman (contributions to psychology)

intervening variable, cognitive maps, latent learning

Loeb and Watson

Watson was warned the Loeb was dangerous (b/c he was German), but Watson studied with him anyways; Loeb related tropism to instincts of animals (behavioral response of animal is automatic, direct, forced by stimulus)

Willard Small

introduced the rat maze in 1900; Clark University; mentalistic descriptions (what rat was thinking)

Pavlov's experiment

investigating digestion; salivation to food was reflexive; pairing bell to delivery of food led to psychic secretions in response to bell; recognized significance of conditional reflexes and this became the focus of his research in 1890; published Conditioned Reflexes in 1927

Guthrie (one-trial learning)

a stimulus-pattern gains its full associative strength on the occasion of its first pairing with a response

Tolman (purposive behavior)

all behavior is goal-directed; learning (operationally defined as fewer trials for rats to reach a goal) is evidence of purpose

Pavlov (achievements)

became part of popular culture; world-famous; Nobel Prize for medicine and physiology in 1903; outspoken but tolerated by Soviet government; allowed to visit U.S.

Bandura (Stanford)

conducted famous Bobo Doll experiment to explore modeling and observational learning

Albert Bandura

early 1900's to present; PhD from University of Iowa in 1952; social learning theory and social cognitive theory; self-efficacy

Julian Rotter

early 1900's to present; locus of control (expectations about the source of control over events in one's life, internal vs external); S - subjective expectations - R

Mary Cover Jones

early to late 1900's; "mother of behavior therapy"; Peter and the Rabbit - Jones deconditioned Peter (3 year old) by pairing the presence of a feared rabbit with a preferred activity for Peter (eating food)

B.F. Skinner

early to late 1900's; operant conditioning (consequences of behavior influence recurrence of behavior); radical behaviorist (all behavior explainable by environmental influence); atheoretical behavioral science; description is goal of behavioral science

Karl Lashley

early to mid 1900's; student of Watson at JHU; then professor at University of Minnesota, Chicago, Harvard; researched brain mechanisms of learning and memory (physiological psychology); sought the engram (locus of memory); Brain Mechanisms and Intelligence: A Quantitative Study of Injuries to the Brain in 1926

Thorndike (puzzle box)

example of operant conditioning led to law of effect (response sequences that are reinforced or followed by pleasure will be stamped in and continue); animals form connections and escape in less and less time; animals learn by trial and error and law of effect (reinforcement and punishment)

Tolman (method)

experimental; used non-human subjects (rats) extensively; produced lots of data

Watson (elements of behavior)

explicit - overt, directly observable implicit - inside organism, if observable by instrumentation; includes muscular movements, glandular secretions, nerve impulses and emotions

Opertationism

the validity of a scientific-finding depends on the validity of the operations used in arriving at that finding

Animal psychology influences on behaviorism

though there were few animal psychologists in the early 1900's, the few were dedicated and persistent studies of 1st decade of 1900's still show references to consciousness (mentalism) and introspection by analogy

Skinner (operant techniques)

used to shape behavior; method of successive approximation; operant techniques readily applicable; Skinner developed behavior modification

Turner's work

used word 'behavior' in publication reviewed by Watson; taught high school to have more time to observe insects; demonstrated trial and error learning in cockroaches

Watson (science of behavior)

what it is (objective, experimental); what it is not (introspective, mentalistic - mind, consciousness)

Bekhterev's life

wrote extensively, over 800 publications; followed an examination of Stalin's arm, provided a diagnosis for the Russian doctor of advanced paranoia; died suddenly (poisoned by Kremlin); office and files burned and son murdered; Stalin had his name expunged from all Russian documents