PSYC 521 - Exam 1

What does the 1 in 4 stat NOT mean?

- "Sex is, in one in four cases, against your will" (every time a woman engages in sex, there is a 25% chance it would be rape)

National Violence Against Women (NVAW) Study Stats: Women

- 15% of the women surveyed had been raped - 3% of the women had experienced attempted rape - 18% of the women experienced rape or attempted rape

Koss et al.'s Study Stats: Women

- 15% of women had been raped since turning 14 - 12% of women had experienced attempted rape since they turned 14 - 27% (15% + 12%) of women had experienced either rape or attempted rape since they turned 14 *** 1 in 4 - Of the women who had been raped according to the operational definition, 27% labeled the incident as "rape" (so 73% did not label it as "rape")

The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS) Stats: Gender of those who were VICTIMIZED

- 18% of the women surveyed had experienced rape or attempted rape - 1% of the men surveyed had experienced rape or attempted rape

What did Eugene Kanin find about forced sexual intercourse in his research published in 1957, 1967, and 1977?

- 1957: 30% of women surveyed have suffered attempted or completed forced sexual intercourse while on a high school date - 1967: more than 25% of male college students surveyed had attempted to force sexual intercourse on a woman to the point where she fought or cried - 1977: 26% of the men surveyed had tried to force intercourse on a woman, and 25% of women questioned had suffered attempted or completed rape - Even after two decades, women were being raped by men they knew as frequently as before

National Violence Against Women (NVAW) Study Stats: Men

- 2% of men had been raped - 1% of the men had experienced attempted rape - 3% of the men had experienced rape or attempted rape

Koss et al.'s Study Stats: Men

- 4% of the men reported behaviors that qualified as committing rape since they turned 14 - 3% of the men reported behaviors that qualified as committing attempted rape since 14 -8% (4.4% + 3.3%) of the men reported behaviors that qualified as committing rape or attempted rape since turning 14 - Of the men who committed rape, 1% labeled it as "rape" (99% did not label it as rape)

Warshaw discussed several high-profile cases of rape/sexual assault. For each of these cases what were the basic facts of the case? - The rape case involving Mike Tyson

- Accused of raping a beauty pageant contestant - His overwhelming strength, race, and poor background posed hum as a sex-focused aggressor - Was found guilty of rape

(AAU Campus Climate CANTOR) In these more recent studies of college students, who were the research participants?

- All enrolled undergraduates, graduate, and professional students 18 years older were asked to participate

(Campus Climate CANTOR KREBS) What GENERAL PATTERNS did these studies find about the prevalence of the sexual assault of students?

- Among gender the highest prevalence = women 99.1% vs male 0.4% - Among women the highest prevalence = heterosexual women 89.8% vs bisexual = 7.9% - Higher prevalence with students who reported having a "disability" - Graduate vs undergraduate vs professional student: graduate and professional student (more married) = less likely to report all kinds of victimization

(Women's Risk in College Muehlenhard) Does attending college increase young women's risk of sexual assault?

- Attending college does NOT increase risk of sexual assault

Warshaw discussed several high-profile cases of rape/sexual assault. For each of these cases what were the basic facts of the case? - The rape case in Glen Ridge, New Jersey, involving a 17-year old girl and 13 teenage boys

- Boys promised her a date with one of them if she followed them to a home basement, there they forced her to perform sexual acts - Girl was mildly retarded and the men knew of her disability - If she said yes, she was incapable of meaning it - Jury determined she was mentally defective and men were charged of crimes

(Women's Risk in College Muehlenhard) According to the author, what are some of the problems with fixating on a single percentage/prevalence statistic?

- Can be misleading because risk is not uniform for all college women - Evades the complexity and variability described - Doesn't explain how sexual assault was defined - Could imply there is a single, true definition (which there is not) - Implies that there is a sharp declination between what behaviors do and do not count as sexual assault

Who was the perpetrator; that is, what was their relationship at the time?

- Carl, and ex-boyfriend whom wanted to be with her still and she did not want to be with him

(Koss) Who were the research participants? What method did the researchers use to contact them?

- College students in the U.S. - Males and females - Technical schools, ivy league schools, community colleges - Contact: by phone, mailed info about survey in advance, survey given in class by psychologist

What is the difference between a conceptual definition and an operational definition?

- Conceptual: describes a thing in terms of its abstract characteristics and relationships to other conceptual entities + More broad - Operational: describes a thing in terms of the actual physical actions it takes, almost like a recipe + Very specific

(Campus Climate KREBS) What method did the researchers use to contact them?

- Crowd-sourcing: administration of key sections of the instrument to 240 college students pre-registered with an online opinion hub to complete short web surveys for nominal compensation - In-person: in-depth personal interviews covering the entire draft instrument with 36 male and female college students in three cities

(Koss) Why is Koss et al.'s study sometimes called the Ms. study?

- Described in a Ms. Magazine article on date rape among college students - The first national magazine article to address this issue

(Prevalence of Sexual Assault: Gender, Sexual Orientation, Race, Disability) In the studies of gen. pop., what pattern did studies find about the prevalence of rape as a function of gender (among females and males)?

- Females: sexual assault victimization was higher fro non-heterosexual students than heterosexual students - Males: sexual assault is more frequently reported by gay and bisexual men

The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS) Stats: Gender of the PERPETRATORS

- For 98% of the female rape victims, the perpetrators were male + Males also perpetrated most of the other forms of sexual violence against women - For 93% of male rape victims, the perpetrators were male + Females perpetrated most of the other forms of sexual violence against males

(Prevalence of Sexual Assault: Gen. Pop.) Across studies: What PATTERNS did these studies show about the prevalence of rap as a function of:

- Gender: + Nearly 1 in 5 women (18.3%) and 1 in 71 men (1.4%) in the U.S. have been raped at some time in their lives, including completed forced penetration, attempted forced penetration, or alcohol/drug facilitated completed penetration - Race or ethnicity: + Approx. 1 in 5 Black (22%) and White (18.8%) non-Hispanic women and 1 in 7 Hispanic women (14.6%), more than one-quarter of American Indian or Alaska Native women (26.9%) and 1 in 3 multiracial women (33.5%) - Highest: Alaska Native and American Indian women (26.9%) and Multiracial women (33.5%) - Lowest: Asian American women (

What did Warshaw say about the backlash against rape research? That is, what criticisms did Nell Gilbert and Katie Roiphe level against Koss's research?

- Gilbert: was godfather of acquaintance-rape denial "comparing date rape to real rape is like comparing cancer to the common cold", rape-denial objections to the reality of acquaintance rape and since such rapes were rarely reported to police, they couldn't be occurring - Roiphe: young and female and claiming that date rape wasn't happening because it wasn't happening to anyone she knew, says feminists are ruining things for females portraying them as fragile, doesn't talk with any rape victims - Warshaw: Koss study did not use broad definitions of rape (no elasticity of meaning), legal rape includes unwanted penetration when victim is incapacitated by alcohol or drugs, says acquaintance rape is a "miscommunication", if people keep denying rape, then women will fear and not report

What did Warshaw say about her OWN experience with rape?

- Her experience was acquaintance rape

(Prevalence of Sexual Assault: Gender, Sexual Orientation, Race, Disability) What patterns did studies show about the prevalence of rape as a function of participant's race or ethnicity?

- Highest prevalence: Native American/ Alaskan Natives and Mixed Race - Lowest: Asian American

What does the 1 in 4 stat mean?

- If you are a woman, your risk of being raped by someone you know is 10x more likely than being raped by a stranger, 1 in 4 women report experienced or attempted rape by the age of 14

(Women's Risk in College Muehlenhard) Does the risk of sexual assault rise sharply when women enter college?

- It is difficult to make precise comparisons between the risk during women's college years and their precollege years (highest risk of rape in adolescence first 18 years). It is clear that the age range at which young women are at highest risk of sexual assault begins long before college, and that many college women would have already been sexually assaulted before entering college - So, no technically they don't rise they just may be reporting from past experiences once they get to college. .

(Campus Climate KREBS) In these more recent studies of college students, who were the research participants?

- Male and female college students from three different cities

(Sexual Assault Against Men Peterson) How does the adjustment of sexually assaulted men compare to the adjustment of non-assaulted men?

- Male sexual assault victims experience higher rates of psychological disturbance than men who haven't been assaulted - Victims demonstrate poorer functioning than non-victims

(Sexual Assault Against Men Peterson) What were the consequences for male victims when the perpetrators were male vs. female?

- Male victims experienced only a minimal amount of psychological distress following sexual assault by a female perpetrator - less than men who had been assaulted by another man - Because: sexual activity with a female fits the stereotypical male sex role where as sexual activity with a man and another man does not

Where did the "one in four" statistics come from?

- Ms. survey stats (Koss) - 15% of women had been raped - 12% reported attempted rape - 27% reported attempted or completed rape (roughly 1 in 4)

(Sexual Assault and Sexual Orientation AAU NISVS): In studies of university students and studies of the gen. pop. how was sexual orientation related to the prevalence of rape, especially among women? What pattern did these studies find about prevalence of rape among bisexual, heterosexual, and lesbian women?

- Nearly half of bisexual women, 1 in 8 lesbian women, and 1 in 6 heterosexual women have experienced rape - Heterosexual: 19 million reported - Bisexual: 1.5 million - Lesbian: 214,000

(Women's Risk in College Muehlenhard) Are college students at greater risk than non-students?

- No evidence that students are at higher risk than non-students

(Prevalence of Sexual Assault: Gen. Pop.) In the NEWER studies (NISVS): Who were the research participants? What method did the researchers use to contact them?

- Non-institutionalized english and spanish speaking women and men 18 and older in the U.S. - Random digit dialing (RDD): telephone survey that collects info about experiences of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence

(AAU Campus Climate) College students with a disability vs. college students without a disability stats

- Not the severe disabilities that NPR reported on - Females with disability: 31.6% - Females without disability: 18.4% - Males with disability: 8.7% - Males without disability: 4.2%

(Sexual Assault and Disabilities NPR obtained data from department of justice NCVS) What did the data show about the prevalence of sexual assault against people with intellectual disabilities, compared with people without disabilities?

- People with intellectual disabilities are sexually assaulted 7 times the rate of people without disabilities - Often unrecognized and unpunished crimes

What is the difference between prevalence, incidence, incidents, and incident?

- Prevalence: % of people who have experienced, number of persons within a demographic group who are victimized during a specific time period - Incidence: # of separate victims during a given time period - Incident: and event

(Koss) In this study, what type of questions were women asked?

- Question 1-10 above, varying from sexual contact (1,2,3) to sexual coercion (6,7) to attempted rape (4,5) to rape (8,9,10)

(Campus Climate KREBS) In these more recent studies, how did the researchers define rape, sexual battery, and sexual assault? That is, what sexual acts obtained by what type of coercion were included?

- Rape: any unwanted and nonconsensual sexual contact that involved penetrative acts, including oral sex, anal sex, sexual intercourse, or sexual penetration with a finger or object - Sexual Battery: any unwanted and nonconsensual sexual contact that involved forced touching of a sexual nature, not involving penetration - Sexual Assault: any unwanted nonconsensual sexual contact that involved either sexual battery or rape

(AAU Campus Climate CANTOR) In these more recent studies, how did the researchers define rape, sexual battery, and sexual assault? That is, what sexual acts obtained by sexual coercion were included?

- Rape: penetration, when one person puts a finger, penis, or object inside someone else's vagina or anus, when someone's mouth or tongue makes contact with someone else's genitals - Sexual battery: sexual touching, kissing, touching someone's breast, chest, crotch, groin, or buttocks, grabbing, groping or rubbing against the other in a sexual way, even if the touching is over the clothes - Sexual assault: physical force, "...holding you down with his or her body weight, pinning your arms, hitting or kicking you, or using or threatening to use a weapon against you." + Acts involving penetration by force or incapacitation are considered the most serious types of sexual assault

(AAU) Among college students what pattern did the AAU study find about the prevalence of sexual assault as a function of gender? That is, what pattern did the AAU study find about the prevalence of rape among female, male, and TGQN students?

- Rates if sexual assault are highest among undergraduate females and those identifying as transgender, genderqueer, non-conforming, questioning, and as something not listed on the survey

(Koss) What types of questions were men asked?

- Same questions but different wording - Have you ever [engaged in] sexual intercourse when you [the woman] didn't want to because a man [you] used some degree of physical force to make you [her]?

(Women's Risk in College Muehlenhard) Has the risk of sexual assault among college women college women increased in recent years?

- Seems unlikely that there has been an increase

How did she react at the time?

- She didn't know where she was, who might come, did not want to embarrass Carl or herself, thought she could talk him out of the situation, afraid that yelling might put her in more danger

Warshaw discussed several high-profile cases of rape/sexual assault. For each of these cases what were the basic facts of the case? - The rape case involving William Kennedy Smith

- Smith not found guilty of rape - Bowman was shielded by an electronic smudge and her name was bleeped out - Prosecutor asked her about her drug use, mental health, why she hadn't paid bills, wild streak in high school - She went public when most victims were not publicly identified after 8 years - Met him at a bar, she gave him a ride to his house, they kissed on the beach, then he raped her - Inconclusive evidence made jury decide he was NOT guilty

(Sexual Assault Amon Men Peterson) How do the consequences for male victims compare with the consequences for female victims?

- Some evidence that suggests that adult sexual assault is at least as psychologically distressing to male victims as it is to female victims - Some research suggest that sexual assault is associated with poorer outcomes in men than women - Male victims of sexual assault reported higher levels of distress than female victims on 8 out of 10 measures of traumatic stress symptomolgoy

As mentioned in class, what LEGAL situation is relevant to violence against Native Americans living on reservations?

- The U.S. government cannot impose sanctions on Indian Reservations - The Indian Reservations cannot punish a husband who is a non-Indian - Non-Indians cannot be prosecuted by Indians from a reservation

(Koss) Why was/is Koss et al.'s study important?

- The expression "date rape" was not used at this time and there was no convincing evidence that rape or rape-like behavior occurred among normal people - Justice authorities believed that rapes, involving intimate acquaintances were the most underreported of major crimes

(Sexual Assault and Disabilities) The reports by Joseph Shapiro mention what several reasons for this pattern?

- The need to rely on other people - They are taught to trust other people - At risk all the time in group homes, school, and work -Other reasons: + They cannot describe it well, so it goes unreported + They might not be able to speak or they have underdeveloped speech + People don't find them credible

Koss et al. Study Difference from Others

- The percentages of this study do not show men who experienced rape or attempted rape - The percentages show men who committed behaviors that qualified as rape or attempted rape

In 1978, the U.s. Supreme Court issued a decision in the case, Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe. What did the decide?

- The supreme court prohibited all Indian tribes from exercising criminal jurisdiction over non-Indian defendants, including in the case of domestic offenses committed by a non-Indian abuser against their Indian spouses or dating partners - Specifically, even a violent crime that was committed by a non-Indian husband against his Indian wife in their home on a reservation could not be prosecuted by the tribe, which has jurisdiction for crimes committed on the reservation - Decision: Indian tribal courts do NOT have any jurisdiction over non-Indians even in crimes committed on the reservation

(Sexual Assault Among Men Peterson) What were the difficulties of investigating the consequences of sexual assault of men?

- There are myths that suggest men cannot be raped or sexually assaulted and that if they are they are unharmed by the experience and may even find it pleasurable - As a consequence, male victims of adult sexual assault may have difficulty obtaining treatment services or reporting, so efforts to prevent male sexual assault may be marginalized

(Women's Risk in College Muehlenhard) In the literature by Muehlenhard, Peterson, Humphreys, and Jozkowski (2017), what did the authors conclude about the claim that one in five undergraduate women experienced sexual assault while in college?

- There is empirical support for the claim that, on average, on in five women experience sexual assault while they are in college. This number, however, should not be treated as "the actual" statistic that summarizes the risk across all college women; the risk is not uniform for all college women or for all campuses. Furthermore, the risk of sexual assault is not limited to college students: Many high school students have already experienced sexual assault, and many young women who do not attend college experience sexual assault - On average: 1 in 5 women experience sexual assault in college + Not an accurate stat: Women outside of college also experience sexual assault

Briefly, what principles and issues did Warshaw discuss about the case?

- They were not incidents that happened on a college campus - Highlighted issues that continue to affect acceptance of the reality of acquaintance rape in the courts and to the public consciousness

(Koss) What was Koss et al.'s operational definition of attempted rape?

- Those who responded "yes" to questions 4 or 5, but not any numbers higher 4. Have you had a man attempt sexual intercourse when you didn't want to by threatening or using some degree of physical force but intercourse did not occur? 5. Have you had a man attempt sexual intercourse when you didn't want to by giving you alcohol or drugs, but intercourse did not occur?

(Koss) What was Koss et al.'s operational definition of rape?

- Those who responded "yes" to questions 8, 9, and 10 8. Have you had sexual intercourse when you didn't want to because a man gave you alcohol or drugs? 9. Have you had sexual intercourse when you didn't want to because a man threatened or used some degree of physical force to make you? 10. Have you had sex acts (anal or oral penetration by objects other than the penis) when you didn't want to because a man threatened or used some degree of physical force to make you?

(Koss) What was Koss et al.'s operational definition of sexual contact?

- Those who said "yes" to items 1, 2, and 3, but not any higher 1. Have you given in to sex play when you didn't want to because you were overwhelmed by a man's continual arguments and pressure? 2. Have you had sex play when you didn't want to because a man used his position of authority to make you? 3. Have you had sex play when you didn't want to because a man threatened you or used some degree of physical force to make you?

(Koss) What sexual acts obtained by what types of coercion were included?

- Those who said "yes" to numbers 6 and 7, but not any higher 6. Have you given in to sexual intercourse when you didn't want to because you were overwhelmed by a man's continual arguments and pressure? 7. Have you had sexual intercourse when you didn't want to because a man used his position of authority to make you?

(AAU Campus Climate CANTOR) What method did the researchers use to contact them?

- Three e-mail requests sent out asking for students to participate - Questionnaire

What did she think about that experience later, when she wrote the book?

- Took her 3 years to realize she had been raped because he had been her boyfriend - After 10 years she felt she had worked through it - Did not fully realize her own rape experience while she was writing the book, she learned more while writing - The tales of recovery from other women helped her examine her own aftermath

(Prevalence of Sexual Assault: Gen. Pop.) In the OLDER study (NVAW) survey: Who were the research participants? What method did the researchers use to contact them?

- Women and men in the U.S. - Telephone survey - A total of 8,000 women and 8,005 men age 18 and older were interviewed using a computer assisted telephone interviewing system

(Koss) What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of these operational definitions?

-Disadvantages: + One states "a man gave you alcohol or drugs", what if you consumed alcohol on your own + Not gender neutral... only talks about a man doing these things to a woman + Uses the phrase "sex play" - Advantages: + Mentions sex acts such as anal and oral + Mentions drugs and alcohol + Mentions positions of power + Doesn't specify stranger or acquaintance