PSYC: Chapter 6

Amanda believes that she did everything she could to study for her biology exam. She read the chapters right before the exam and doesn't understand why she didn't do well. What is the most likely explanation?

Amanda never really encoded the material.

Select all of the following that are considered tips for organizing for memory processes.

Organize the material in a way that will allow you to memorize. Review notes that you are preparing to memorize. Experiment with different organizational techniques.

__________________ attention involves focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring other stimuli.

Selective

Select all of the following that are considered tips for rehearsing learned material.

Test yourself after looking at your notes. Talk to people about what you have learned. Rewrite or type your notes.

Which of the following is NOT an important strategy for successful test-taking (which means retrieving information)?

Use your episodic memory, specifically autobiographical memories, to best advantage.

Which of the following strategies can be used to increase the number of pieces of information that can be held in short-term memory?

chunk the information

Sam has to remember a 12-digit number that he generated for his computer password (198819892001). He remembers the information as the birth years of his three sisters: 1988, 1989, 2001. Sam's strategy is .______________

chunking

Which of the following involves grouping information into higher-order units that can be remembered as single units?

chunking

Rehearsal involves ____________ information

conscious repetition

The ________________ hypothesis claims that memory for pictures is better than memory for words because pictures are stored as both image codes and verbal codes.

dual code

Dr. Marsh has her General Psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then she has the class look at another group of objects and create a story involving them. The class finds the second group easier to remember because of _____.

elaboration

When ___________________ is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be-remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detailed processing.

elaboration

The process by which information gets into memory storage is ___________

encodign

Ari is watching a movie. Which initial memory process is Ari using?

encoding

The fact that most people aren't able to select the correct picture of a penny out of several variations provides a strong example of ___________failure.

encoding

The initial recording of information into memory is called ___________

encoding

______________ failure occurs when the information has never entered into long-term memory.

encoding

In order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of all of the things he sees on his usual route. Kareem used mental ______________ to remember the necessary route.

imagery

When Don was an undergraduate many years ago, his physics professor shot a flaming arrow across the lecture hall to illustrate a physics theory. Because Don vividly remembers the theory today, this is an example of _____.

imagery

____________ theory states that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember.

interference

Rehearsal increases the _____.

length of time that information can be held in short-term memory

Dr. Quincy loves to have students in her Abnormal Psychology class work with case studies and reflect upon diagnostic questions, instead of reading and studying material. This is because Dr. Quincy is familiar with the research on memory and understands that _____.

memory of material is better when we think deeply and connect new information with information we already have

Before using memory processes, you must first _______________ the information you are about to study.

organize

Long-term memory is a _____ type of memory that stores huge amounts of information.

permanent

You have studied French for years, but you are now taking a class in Spanish. When asked the Spanish word for red, you come up with the French word instead. This is an example of _____.

proactive interference

Your best female friend is getting married and has decided to take her husband's last name. Now, whenever you try to remember her full name, her maiden name pops into your mind instead of her newer last name. This is an example of _____.

proactive interference

_________________ is a memory task in which the person has to retrieve previously learned information; ______________ is a memory task in which the person has to identify learned items.

recall recognition

The _________________ effect occurs because those items in a list may still be in working memory, and the placement of the items' presentation within a list makes them easier to recall.

recency

The __________________effect occurs because those items in a list may still be in working memory, and the placement of the items' presentation within a list makes them easier to recall.

recency

The conscious repetition of information is also known as

rehearsal

You don't have any paper or pencil to write the phone number someone is giving you, so you repeat the number until you are able to write it down. This is an example of _____.

rehearsal

When you have completed a class or lecture, you should enhance encoding by ________________ the material by rewriting or retyping the information.

rehearsing

Select all of the following that are powerful tools for processing memory.

rehearsing retrieving encoding organizing

Memory is defined as the _____.

retention of information or experience over time

Jason is actively trying to remember his teammates' names, so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers as ______________ cues to help his memory for the names of his teammates.

retrieval

Jason is actively trying to remember his teammates' names, so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers as _________________ cues to help his memory for the names of his teammates.

retrieval

The memory process involves encoding, storage, and _________________

retrieval

Which of the following is the memory process by which information held in memory is brought out of storage?

retrieval

If you are trying to remember a new friend's name, you might try going through the alphabet in order to generate names that begin with each letter. This is an example of using

retrieval cues

One good strategy for generating _____________ ______________ is to use different subcategories to help remember information.

retrieval cues

After years of taking French, you study Spanish. When the word for red in Spanish is required, you correctly say rojo. But you can't remember the French word for red. This is an example of _____.

retroactive interference

Marisol is reading her textbook while ignoring the argument her younger siblings are having in the same room. Marisol's situation is a good example of ________.

selective attention

Asia is studying for an exam. As she studies, she thinks about how different concepts remind her of events and situations that have occurred in her own life. Asia is using ________________ - _______________ to help her remember the course concepts.

self referencing

Deborah is studying for an exam. As she studies different concepts, she helps herself to remember by making up examples of the concepts that relate to her own life. Deborah is using _______________ to help her remember the course concepts.

self-referencing

The three stages of memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory are __________________ memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

sensory

The ________________ effect refers to the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list better than the items in the middle.

serial position

The _______________ _____________effect refers to the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list better than the items in the middle.

serial position

You are driving down the highway and see a billboard with a phone number on it. You tell yourself to remember it, but after you drive a little farther, you find you've forgotten it. This describes the limitations of _________________ - ____________________ memory.

short term

_____ memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer.

short term

The process of retaining information for future use is called _____.

storage

The process of retaining information over time in memory is referred to as __________________

storage/storing

Interference occurs when _____.

the instructor keeps talking as you are trying to write down what she just said

Which of the following statements explain why the last several items on a list are remembered? (Select all that apply.)

the item's recency makes them easier to recall the items may still be in working memory

Ellen tried to remember her grocery list, but she was only able to remember eggs and butter (which were listed at the top) and juice and cereal (which were listed at the bottom). This illustrates _____.

the serial position effect

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are _____ systems in memory.

three

Which of the following are involved in problems in the retrieval process? (Select all that apply.)

time has elapsed there are personal reasons other information gets in the way

True or false: Mimi is enthusiastic about baking and has used her grandmother's apple pie recipe for a number of years. Lately, she has been enrolled in pastry classes where she has learned to make six varieties of apple pie, so when she tries to make her grandmother's recipe, she becomes confused about ingredients. This is an example of retroactive interference.

true

Encoding failure occurs when the information was _____.

never entered into long-termed memory

Which of the following are tips to help you encode information successfully? (Select all that apply.)

make associations that connect the information to your own life use imagery pay attention to the information

___________________ is defined as the retention of information or experience over time.

memory

According to Paivio's dual code hypothesis, _____. (Select all that apply.)

memory for pictures is better than memory for words the image code produces better memory

Dr. Wiley asks students to look at real-world problems related to political science, instead of reading and studying textbooks and note cards with definitions. This is because Dr. Wiley is familiar with the research on memory and understands that

memory we can connect to knowledge we already have is recalled better.

Which of the following is NOT a powerful tool for processing information into memory?

multitasking