PSYC Chapter 8

According to Piaget, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object's nature is known as ________.

Conservation

As children grow from the preschool years into middle childhood, the big changed in the capacity of short-term memory are most likely due to an increase in the use of __________.

Control strategies.

According to Kohlberg, most adolescents are at the __________ level of morality.

Conventional

Differences between age-groups would cause the most serious problems for which developmental research method?

Cross-sectional

In a __________ design, several different age-groups of participants are studied at one time.

Cross-sectional

Professor Rashad is interested in studying cognitive development. He collects and compares data from a group of 6-year-olds and a group of 10-year-olds. Five years later, he compares these two groups to each other again as well as to their own performance in the study five years ago. What type of research design is Professor Grant using?

Cross-sequential design

Which of the following is a special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism?

DNA

According to Kubler-Ross, when bargaining fails, __________ usually results.

Depression.

Which of the following does NOT happen in the germinal period?

Developing organs can be affected by toxins passing through the placenta.

According to Thomas and Chess, a child that is very irregular in sleeping and eating, resists change, and is negative and loud is labeled a __________ child.

Difficult.

Mothers who are abusive and/or neglectful were associated with the __________ type of attachment.

Disorganized-disoriented.

A gene that actively controls the expression of a trait is called a ________ gene.

Dominant

Which of the following is a disorder caused by having an extra chromosome?

Down syndrome

Mary's baby was born with a smaller than normal head, some facial malformations, and is mentally retarded. Mary most likely __________ during her early pregnancy.

Drank alcohol.

Shelby is very adaptable to change. She is on a regular sleeping, eating, and waking schedule. Thomas and Chess would describe Shelby as being a(n) ________ child.

Easy

Brandon has blue eyes, even though both his mother and father have brown eyes. What do we know about Brandon's parents?

Either of his parents must have one recessive blue-eye-color gene.

Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby are first developing. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing?

Embryonic

The period of pregnancy that contains the clearest examples of critical periods is the __________ period.

Embryonic

The critical period for pregnancy is the __________.

Embryonic period.

According to Erikson, the task of the adolescent is to __________.

Find a consistent sense of self.

Today's workers may change careers as many as __________ times.

Five to seven

The crisis of middle adulthood, according to Erikson, is __________.

Generativity versus stagnation.

The first two weeks of pregnancy are called the __________ period.

Germinal

According to Erikson, achieving true intimacy is difficult if one's __________ is not already established.

Identity

Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development is __________.

Identity versus role confusion.

In Erikson's crisis of __________, children are developing a sense of competence and self-esteem.

Industry versus inferiority

In Erikson's __________ stage of psychosocial development, the child learns self-control and begins to feel more capable.

Initiative versus guilt.

A sense of completeness of one's ego, or identity, is called __________.

Integrity

Erikson saw the major challenge of young adulthood as that of ________.

Intimacy versus isolation.

Which of the following statements about adolescence is FALSE?

It ends when puberty is complete.

In Erikson's last crisis, the life review is __________.

Looking back on the life on has lived.

The cessation of menstruation and ovulation is called ________.

Menopause

Intellectual disability and blindness are possible outcomes of the effects of __________ on the developing baby.

Mercury

Dr. Smith believes people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences. Dr. Goldberg believes people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement?

Nature versus nurture

Which culture discussed in the Applying Psychology section seems to have the greatest fear of the dead?

Navajo

The period of five to ten years during which a woman's reproductive system begins to decline is called __________.

Perimenopause

According to Baumrind, __________ parenting may lead to an abusive relationship.

Permissive neglectful

Which term refers to the feeling of being unique and protected?

Personal fable

The sponge-like organ that provides nourishment for the growing baby and filters away waste producys is called the __________.

Placenta

Brad is in an electronics store with his parents. He looks at the CDs and thinks for a moment that he could grab one and put it beneath his coat. As he considers this possibility, he decides not to do it because he might get caught and his parents would punish him. What stage of moral development does Brad's decision represent?

Preconventional

If a person has one gene for cystic fibrosis but does have the disease, cystic fibrosis must be a __________ disorder.

Recessive.

According to research, if an older person wants to adjust more positively to aging, he or she should __________.

Remain active in some way.

What is the first voluntary movement that allows an infant to get from one place to another?

Rolling over

In the __________ reflex, the baby moves its head toward any light touch to its face.

Rooting

In the analogy og the twisted ladder, the sequence of amines would be represented by the __________ of the ladder.

Rungs

According to Vygotsky, giving a child help in the form of asking leading questions and providing examples is called __________.

Scaffolding

What kind of attachment, according to Ainsworth, is shown by a baby who explores the room, gets upset when the mother leaves but is easily soothed, and is happy to see the mother when she returns?

Secure

Which of the following has NOT been shown to help maintain a healthy level of cognitive functioning?

Sedentary lifestyle

In which of Paget's stages would a child be who has just developed object permanence?

Sensorimotor

As an infant, Liz never liked change, but if you introduce new things gradually, she will eventually accept them without too much fuss. Liz is most likely __________.

Slow to warm up.

"Daddy go bye bye" is an example of __________.

Telegraphic speech

Samantha refuses to go to school because her chin has a "huge" pimple on it and she is afraid that everyone will laugh at her and point. Samantha is a victim of __________.

The imaginary audience

Which of the following statements about Abby and Brittany Hensel is FALSE?

They could have been successfully separated.

Vygotsky defines __________ as the difference between what a child can do and what that child can do with help.

Zone of proximal development

The fertilized egg cell is called a __________.

Zygote.

In the Strange Situation, __________ babies were clinging, unwilling to explore, very upset when Mommy lefy the room, and demanded to be hels but pushed her away at the same time when she returned.

Ambivalent

What is the cause of Down syndrome?

An extra chromosome on the 21st pair

A decline in testosterone in the 40s is called __________.

Andropause

Leticia has just learned that she is terminally ill. She is now always irritable, often throws things on the floor, and yells at members of her family and the nurses who care for her. According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Leticia is most likely in the ________ stage of dying.

Anger

Rebellion in the teenage years is the most kikely outcome of __________ parenting.

Authoritarian

In the __________ stage of reaction to death and dying, a person may promise to do everything the doctor says if the doctor will say that the person can live a little longer.

Bargaining.

Infants typically begin to make vowel-like sounds at around the age of ________.

2 months

Vision and hearing begin to decline in the __________.

30s

At what age can the typical infant sit without support?

6 months

By age 5, the brain is at __________ percent of its adult weight.

90

Little Kashif held his empty cup up to his mother and said, "Milk!" His use of this word is labeled __________.

A holophrase

In which theory of aging do telomeres become the major means of aging cells?

Cellular-clock theory

Which of the following is a limitation on the cognitive life of children in Piaget's preoperational stage?

Centration

In which of Piaget's stages does the child become capable of understanding conservation?

Concrete operations

Which of the newborn's senses is the most fully developed at birth?

Touch

Which of the following issues typically creates a lot of conflict between most teens and their parents?

Trivial issues of hair, clothing, and music choices.

In __________ syndrome, the 23rd pair of chromosomes is missing an X, resulting in short, infertal females.

Turner's

Which of the following represents dizygotic twins?

Two eggs get fertalized by two different sperm.

Which sense is least functional at birth?

Vision

Which sense is the LEAST functional at birth?

Vision

Javier was born 3 days ago. His parents have noticed that he has several reflexes which the doctors have been testing. Which of the following is not a reflex exhibited by healthy newborns?

Walking reflex

Collagen, an elastic tissue that becomes less elastic as we get older, is a good example of the __________ theory of aging.

Wear and tear.