PSYC EXAM 2 PAST QUIZZES

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear

2

Mohommed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering bc his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing _______ sleep.

REM

which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

Taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 pm

the ____________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep

alpha

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

A theta wave is a type of _________

brain wave that dominates Stage 2 sleep and is interrupted by sleep spindles and K-Complexes

which of the following is NOT true regarding Patient H.M.?

he experienced difficulty with implicit/ non-declarative memory, caused by damage to his cerebellum

what is semantic memory?

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

What hormome does the pineal gland release?

melatonin

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ______________

memories are processed the same way a computer processes informaiton

Dave's boss told him that he doesnt have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using _____________________

negative reinforcement

In operant conditioning, _________ is when something is REMOVED to INCREASE the future likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

Morphine is considered a ________ drug because it decreases pain.

opioid

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

psychological dependence

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ___________

tolerance

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

remembering ___________ is a good example of episodic memory

your first day of school

which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?

adaptive/ evolutionary

i have a deep fear of snakes and when i come across a place where i have seen a snake before, I have a strong memory of my fear from the last time I saw the snake. What part of my brain is most associated with the activation of this memory?

amygdala

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called __________ learning.

latent

learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called __________ learning.

observational

in operant conditioning, what process describes ADDING something aversive to DECREASE the future likelihood of behavior?

positive punishment

when you take a multiple-choice test, you are using _________, a means of retrieving information out of your long term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

recognition

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called __________

rehearsal

when experiencing ___________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ___________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information

retrograde; anterograde

Shoresh suggest that Ted cluck like a chicken during the hypnosis not because he is experiencing an altered state of consciousness but because he is playing the role of a hypnotized person. This is a good example of the ___________ theory of hypnotism.

social-cognitive

In classical conditioning, the __________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For examples, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus)

unconditioned response

which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a dog rolls over, she gets a treat and is more likely to roll over next time she is given the command

What type of long-term memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

explicit memories

which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?

eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion

what are the two components of declarative memory?

semantic and episodic

what kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

elaborative rehearsal involves _________________

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

what is procedural memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do skills and actions

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their _________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

circadian

what did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion (fear/phobia) can be a conditioned response

__________ is a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity to create strong memories. It involves dendrite formation, increased neurotransmitters, and repeated synapse stimulation among neurons.

Long-term potentiation

after Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?

Night terrors

Cocaine is considered a __________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

Stimulant

Mescaline is considered a _________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

hallucinogenic

what is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

which of the following is NOT a benefit associated with adequate amounts of sleep? a.) maintaining healthy weight b.) less exposure to carcinogens c.) lower stress levels d.) improving mood

b.) less exposure to carcinogens

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when she is not being tickled. In this example, clicking is a/an __________________

conditioned stimulus

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ____________

consciousness

which schedule of reinforcement is the most powerful and resistant to extinction?

variable ratio

which of the following is NOT true of punishment?

punishment has no adverse effects or problems

if a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy book being dropped would represent __________. In other words, the conditioned response happens when the door slams, but NOT when the book drops.

acquisition

which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

cerebellum

what should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

change "transitional" to "sensory"

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly bc she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of__________

chunking

Which is the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)? A.) Talking while asleep B.) Snoring While asleep C.) Crying while asleep D.) Kicking and punching while asleep

d.) kichking and punching while asleep

___________ theory suggest that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist.

dissociative

which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of _________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.

Encoding failure

__________ occurs when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

Stimulus generalization

what is the main idea of operant conditioning?

behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments