Psyc Exam 3

Kin selection refers to

the idea that natural selection applies to behaviors that benefit other individuals with whom we share genes

What research findings argue AGAINST the idea that aggression is an innate human tendency?

Aggression levels are different across cultures. Aggression levels are very modifiable based on our environment.

What is catharsis?

According to Freud, releasing all of our pent-up anger is catharsis. We feel better after we aggress

Describe WHY the bystander effect occurs, according to Latane & Darley.

Because when there is a large crowd or group of people we place the responsibility to help on someone and not do anything.

How does the presence of an expert or leader affect the likelihood that we will offer help to someone in need?

Decrease it

Discuss the Need for Affiliation (nAFF) as a personality trait.

High personality would be a people person/ social butterfly. Low personality would be a loner/ someone who doesn't want to be disturbed

According to the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis, what affects LEVEL of frustration?

How strong our motives are The number of blockage we have The type of blockages (whether someone was rude or nice)

How does the need for approval affect the likelihood that we will offer help to someone in need?

Increase it

How does victim likability affect the likelihood that we will offer help to someone in need?

Increases it

Discuss the entertainment industry's requirement that violence must not be graphic. (Does the requirement make sense? Why or why not? Use reasoned arguments- not mere opinions)

It doesn't make sense for violence not to be graphic on T.V. because it doesn't accurately portray the type of damage that can be done. So, if a kid sees it and it looks like there wasn't much damage, but then goes out and does it, it would be a disaster because of how severe the damage would be.

What is the marital satisfaction trend over time? Draw the graph. (make sure to label lines)

M | _______ Share Space ______________ A | \ / empty nest R | \ Kids / I | \_______________/ T | A |____________________________________ L early Adult middle adult Satisfaction TIME

There is a gender difference in terms of what we look for in a potential mate. What are men vs. women looking for?

Men=physical appearance (someone who can bare children) Women=Economic Power (someone to protect their off spring)

Discuss the old adage "misery loves company." Is this the whole story? (I'm asking for bottom line findings; its is NOT necessary to detail the research for this item).

Misery loves miserable company. when were upset or worried we like being with others who are just as worried as we are. We don't want someone who is all happy being around us when we're upset.

Discuss the shortcomings of the Bobo studies.

No one was hurt, only a toy was used and it was meant for punching, The movie/ video had no plot or reason for the violence to occur, The kids were immediately placed into the room with the doll after watching the video.

If you're new to an office and want to have your co-workers like you, you should look to have your desk by a busy area such as by the copy machine or water fountain why?

Proximity. You want to be exposed to everyone to increase their liking towards you.

Why would participants in Langlois' experiments rate the average of multiple faces as more attractive then the faces from which they were created?

The average face is perceived as closer to our schemas of women and men

WHAT is the BYSTANDER EFFECT?

The failure to help during an emergency

What research findings argue in FAVOR of a biological link to aggression?

There are specific parts of the brain that control aggression. Biochemistry influence aggression levels. (high testosterone, low blood sugar)

How do POSITIVE ILLUSIONS relate to the longevity of a marriage?

They don't have to be accurate illusions, but simply positive ones to keep a long, happy marriage

How does physical attractiveness figure in with the people we PICK as partners?

We pick people who are as similarily as attractive as ourselves

Attraction between two people is enhanced when _____.

areas of similarity outweigh areas of dissimilarity

The empathy-altruism hypothesis suggests that ________.

at least some prosocial behavior is motivated solely by the desire to help someone in need

Bob listened to a new song and did not like it at all. Shortly thereafter, this song was used by a company as its new advertising jingle, and the song was played over and over, so Bob was repeatedly exposed to the song. You would expect Bob to ________ for the song.

decrease his liking

As the number of bystanders who are present at an emergency increases, the probability that any one bystander will help, ________ and the length of time that passes before help occurs ________.

decreases; increases

Repeated exposure to violent media content leads people to

develop strong knowledge structures related to aggression

On first meetings, men who _______ are preferred. are preferred; with subsequent interactions, men who _______.

exhibit dominance and authoritative behaviors; exhibit sensitivity and prosocial behaviors

Consistent with the repulsion hypothesis, if you meet someone with whom you share one similar and one dissimilar attitude, you will be MOST likely to _______.

focus on the dissimilarity as a basis to not like the individual in question

The consumption of moderate amounts of alcohol _________ the probability that people will try to help in an emergency because _________.

increases; alcohol reduces anxiety about the reactions of others

According to a classical conditioning model of attraction, if you saw a funny film with someone, you would _________.

like the person more

The general pattern of results of studies of TV violence suggests that

media depictions of violence contribute to increased aggression levels in viewer

Researchers have digitally combined multiple faces to create a composite image. This "averaged"face is typically rated as ________.

more attractive than the faces used to create it

A culture of honor is

one in which cultural norms indicate that aggressive behavior is appropriate and acceptable if one's honor has been insulted

Bystanders frequently fail to respond to an emergency because no one else is responding. We tend to rely on what others say and do when we are not sure of the nature of the situation or of what behaviors to engage in. This is known as _________.

pluralistic ignorance

Jason is the owner of a furniture store in a small Southern town. He donated several hundred mattresses to the Red Cross immediately after hearing about the devastation caused in a neighboring state by a hurricane. He was motivated to do so by his desire to help others, by thoughts of the income tax deduction he could take, and by the recognition his store would receive from his act of charity. This is an example of ___________.

prosocial behavior

Gender differences in aggression tend to shrink or disappear in situations where

provocation is present

The effects of excitation transfer are especially pronounced when people ________ that they are aroused, but ________ the source of arousal.

realize; misinterpret

According to the general aggression model, there are two broad categories of variables that influence aggressive behavior: and ______ ________.

situational factors; personal factors

What does Berkowitz say about the role of CUES in producing aggression?

the cues can intensify the aggressive reactions

The idea that we sometimes engage in helping behaviors to reduce negative emotions that we might be experiencing from any cause is known as _______.

the negative-state relief model

After watching wrestling on TV for an hour, five-year-old Samuel went outside to play. When five- year-old Jamie, who lives next door, came outside, Samuel shoved him and tried to get him in a headlock. This situation can best be explained by _________.

the social learning perspective

Since newborns are predisposed to look toward faces in preference to other stimuli, this offers evidence that _______.

there is a neurobiological basis for the need to affiliate

Passionate love appears to involve an intense and often ________ emotional reaction to another person.

unrealistic

The empathic joy hypothesis suggests

we help others because of the positive emotions we anticipate experiencing as a result of our helping behaviors

what is the physical attractiveness STEREOTYPE?

what is beautiful is good