PSYC Final Exam

delusions are not a symptom of paranoid personality disorder.

A major difference between schizophrenia and paranoid personality disorder is__________.

embryonic stage

A pregnant woman undergoes an ultrasound in the second month of her pregnancy and hears the heartbeat of her developing child for the first time. She is told that at this stage of her pregnancy the head of the developing child will start changing shape, and its facial features will start becoming easier to identify. Which stage of prenatal development does this scenario depict?

true

Albert Ellis's form of therapy confronts clients with the ways in which irrational beliefs contribute to anxiety and depression.

Babinski reflex

Baby Hoshi's dad could not stop laughing because every time he touched the soles of his feet his toes would fan out. In this scenario, the baby exhibited the _________.

memory storage systems of humans are indexed according to both visual and audio cues.

Brown and McNeill's experiment on the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon revealed that:

eros

Freud believed that a major instinct aims to preserve and perpetuate life. What term did he use for this instinct?

insight

In Gestalt psychology, learning, especially problem solving, is accomplished primarily by ________.

false

In generalized dissociative amnesia, people forget particular traumatic instances of their lives but not their entire lives.

problem-focused

In response to increasing violence against Asian-Americans and Pacific Islanders, Aomame organizes community activists for a demonstration to bring attention to the issue. Which type of coping did Aomame use?

anal-retentive trait

In the context of Freud's theory of psychosexual development, a strong need for order is a(n) __________.

People with Wernicke's aphasia usually speak freely and with proper syntax.

In the context of the brain's language functions, identify the correct statement.

resistance

Joan avoids talking about her troubled marriage with her psychoanalyst. When she is asked to talk about the relationship, she becomes restless and claims, "There is nothing to tell." Which of the following is indicated by Joan's behavior?

major depression

Learned helplessness is a possible explanation for behaviors associated with which disorder?

pansexual

Miley is attracted to people of all gender identities. Which term best describes Miley's romantic interests?

eidetic imagery

Mr. Rupp's memory has always been spectacular. He can see an image, like a painting or a page in a book, and recall exactly all of the details of either one. Mr. Rupp's ability to remember these specific details is known as _________.

50

Nasreen and her younger brother Abdellah have a genetic overlap of ________ percent.

delirium tremens

People withdrawing from chronic alcohol use may experience heavy sweating, restlessness, disorientation, and frightening hallucinations, which are all traits of

spontaneous recovery

Pranav was attacked by a black cat when he was young. Due to this, he developed a fear of cats. A few years later, his parents got him a black kitten, and his fear gradually extinguished. On his way to work one day, he saw a black cat running toward him and felt his old fear resurfacing. In this scenario, the recurrence of Pranav 's fear of cats is known as ________.

True

Psychology seeks to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.

true

Psychotherapy is based on research in areas such as personality, learning, motivation, and emotion.

live in the community

Since the 1960's, most people suffering from extreme psychological disorders ________.

False

Structuralists emphasized the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns.

appraise change as an interesting incentive to personal growth

Suzanne Kobasa and her colleagues studied business executives who seemed able to resist illness despite stress. In one phase of the research, executives completed a battery of psychological tests, and the researchers found that the psychologically hardy executives tended to ________.

preoperational

Tariana says the sun is going to bed because it is her bedtime. She says this every night thinking the sun does this just for her. Her explanation of why the sun sets suggests that she is in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

false

Telegraphic speech is brief and grammatically incorrect.

Sleep apnea

Terrance is affected by obesity and snores when he sleeps. He often wakes up in the morning not feeling well rested. What is Terrance most likely suffering from?

morally

The Heinz dilemma is used to determine what level of development you are in _________________.

False

The Wechsler intelligence scale yielded the mental age score.

is insensitive to visual stimulation

The blind spot ________.

anxiety disorders

The body's production of excessive amounts of noradrenaline and adrenaline are linked to which type pf disorders?

menopause

The cessation of menstruation is called _________.

telepathy

The ganzfeld procedure is used to study ________.

Alpha, theta, delta

What is the correct sequence of brain waves we would experience at bedtime as we make our way from a drowsy sleep state to stage 4?

What is the name of the concept that infants are born with the innate ability to learn language?

What is the name of the concept that infants are born with the innate ability to learn language?

begin to eat uncontrollably

When a rat's ventromedial nucleus is destroyed, the rat will ________.

Transcendental meditation

When people are concentrating on words or sounds that are claimed to help them achieve an altered state of consciousness, what are they actively practicing?

become aphagic

When the lateral hypothalamus of a rat is destroyed, it may most likely ________.

true

When treating depression, a treatment package that included psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy was more effective than psychological treatment alone.

color consistency

When you look at paint samples, they may look different when you are in different lighting conditions. You, however, know that their hue hasn't actually changed due to which principle?

individualists

Which group of people tend to define themselves in terms of their personal identities and to give priority to their personal goals?

diathesis-stress model

Which model of psychological disorders accounts for biological differences in individuals and explains why some people develop certain types of psychological disorders under stress while others do not?

overcrowding

Which of the following aggravated the psychological problems that inmates of asylums were already facing?

Episodic memories

Which of the following are memories of events that happen to a person or that take place in the person's presence?

the exhaustion stage

Which of the following is one of Selye's three stages in the general adaptation syndrome?

germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage

Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development?

conflict

Which of the following is the feeling of being pulled in two or more directions by opposing motives?

alarm reaction stage

Which of the following is the first stage in a group of bodily changes that occur in the general adaptation syndrome?

formulating a research question

Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method?

excitement, plateau, orgasmic, resolution

Which of the following is the sequence of phases for the sexual response cycle?

He believed that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because they have been reinforced for doing so.

Which of the following is true of B. F. Skinner's contribution to behaviorism?

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Which of the following pituitary hormones regulates the adrenal cortex?

a refractory period

Which of the following refers to a time when a neuron does not allow sodium to pass through the neuronal membrane and as a result, is insensitive to messages from other neurons and does not fire?

genotype

Which of the following represents your full genetic potential?

Cocaine

Which of the following substances is a stimulant?

social skills training

Which of these terms refers to a behavior-therapy method for helping people in their interpersonal relations that utilizes self-monitoring, behavior rehearsal, and feedback?

It was too vague to scientifically measure the psychic structures.

Which one of the following is a criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

biological

Which perspective works on the assumption that thoughts, fantasies, and dreams—and the inborn or instinctive behavior patterns of various species—are made possible by the nervous system and especially by the brain?

Elizabeth Loftus

Which psychologist studied the reliability of eyewitness testimonies?

language

Which term refers to a system of symbols along with rules that are used to manipulate the symbols?

the nativist theory of language development

Which theory holds that innate factors, which make up children's nature, cause children to attend to and acquire language in certain ways?

similarity

Yara is attending her high school pep rally. She walks into the gym and noticed there are a lot of people wearing purple shirt and others wearing green shirts. She assumes those individuals in the purple shirts must all be part of one collective group while the students in the green shirts are part of another group. Yara is using which principle of organization to deduce this?

shape constancy

You approach the closed door of the classroom. As you open the door, the shape the door casts on your retina changes due to you viewing the door from a different angle. You know the door did not actually change from a rectangle to a trapezoid figure. This is because of ________.

experiments

You have always wanted to know how your friend performs so well on her college exams. To find out how she studies, you decide to study with her for your next exam. This approach is most similar to ________.

conversion disorder

A man witnessed an explosion in which a coworker died, and soon after, he lost his vision. Despite many neurological tests, doctors could not find any organic basis for the man's loss of eyesight. The man is most likely suffering from _________.

implementing a plan of action

Aaron has been behaving poorly in school. His teacher calls a meeting with Aaron and his parent. The three agree to have the teacher give Aaron non-verbal cues when he seems likely to misbehave, and that they will meet again next month to see how this plan worked. Which step in the problem-solving process have they taken together?

penis envy

According to 20th century analytic theory, created by men like Freud, what did women suffer from that made them feel inferior to men?

superego

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which part of the psyche functions according to the moral principle?

reality principle

According to Freud, the ego is guided by the ___________.

emotions

According to James and Lange, which of these are the cognitive representations of automatic physiological and behavioral responses?

They are more likely to demonstrate possible changes in gender identity.

According to Melissa Hines and her colleagues (2015), which of the following is true of human female embryos and fetuses who have been exposed prenatally to higher-than-typical concentrations of male sex hormones?

true

According to Robert Sternberg, there are three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical.

permit themselves to return to childish modes of responding.

According to Sigmund Freud, hypnotized adults

false

According to structuralists, maladaptive behavior patterns tend to drop out, and only the fittest behavior patterns survive.

environmental factors

According to the biological perspective of psychology, what interacts with inherited factors to determine specific behavior and mental processes?

resistance stage

According to the general adaptation syndrome, the levels of endocrine and sympathetic activity in which stage are lower than the levels in the alarm reaction but still higher than normal?

of physical discomfort.

According to your text, older adults sleep less because

immunoglobulin A

Adelaide found that sharing funny memes with her students before exams helped them cope with stress by increasing the level of which chemical in their saliva?

hierarchy

Adnan's history teacher asked the class if they can name a figure in American history who was both a founding father and a president. Adnan easily recalls the information due to an organized classification schema for this type of information within his long-term memory. Adnan is relying on his _______.

fight or flight ?

After a long trip, Yara dozed off in her hotel room, only to be awakened by a spider crawling across her foot. According to Cannon, what is Yara's response to the perceived stressor of the spider?

insist on evidence

Alex uses his podcast to spread his conspiracy theory that chimpanzees set wildfires as revenge for being subject to experimentation. If Tempie demands proof, what aspect of critical thinking are they using?

physical

Although he has always planned on waiting until he is married to have sex, Aviv is at a college party one night and gets very aroused when he is flirted with by someone he finds very attractive. He ends up having sex with that person later in the evening, even though he didn't know them well and didn't expect to ever see them again. What type of factor is Aviv's primary motivation for sex based upon?

catastrophize

Amanda earned 88% on her first freshman history test. She was devastated because she was sure that she had to have all "As" on her report card in order to get into the college she wanted. Amada's stress level has increased due to her irrational thoughts leading her to ________.

Wernicke's area

Amir suffered a closed head injury in a car accident and now he has trouble understanding the relationship between words and their meanings. What part of his brain was most likely damaged?

false

Among adolescents, your text discusses several contributing factors to suicide behavior, including participation in athletic activities.

false

An electroencephalograph measures respiratory rates during sleep studies and helps researchers study the stages of sleep.

volunteer bias

An error in research reflecting the prospect that people who offer to participate in research studies differ systematically from people who do not is known as ________.

creative

Andre realized right away that something was different about the store he walked into so many times before. He heard the cashier trying to get out of the cooler, and let him out. What type of intelligence did Andre use in this scenario?

explicit memory

Another term for declarative memory, which means the same thing because it indicates intentional remembering, is _____________.

neuroticism

Another term for emotional instability is _____________.

true

Anterograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effect of the trauma, while retrograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the trauma.

Prefrontal lobotomy was pioneered by ________.

Antonio Egas Moniz

aphagia

Aoki is a contortionist. A freak accident that occurred while she was practicing left her with damage to her lateral hypothalamus. What is the most likely result?

sociocultural perspective

As a counselor, Elvira was struggling to work with one of her new clients. She could not understand where some of the problems were originating. However, after talking to her client some more, she discovered that her client's parents were both from overseas. This new understanding is best explained by the ________.

iris

As you walk into a brightly lit room, the black structure in the center of your eye seems to shrink to a tiny black dot. This response is caused by the action of the eye structure called the ________.

Maslow's concept of self-actualization

Asa is the lead programmer of a major tech software company. She has risen through the ranks and has been working there for 15 years. One day coworkers notice she has packed up her office and has announced she has joined the Peace Corps because she feels she has more growth to do as an individual. Her actions are consistent with

variable-ratio schedule

Ashton works as a server at a local restaurant and he knows that the more tables that he waits on, the better the likelihood of more tips. This schedule is a__________.

successive approximations

At first, the youth basketball team looked pretty chaotic. It seemed like the kids were just kind of running all over the place. However, as the practices continued, you could see that the kids were slowly looking more and more like a basketball team. This slow, gradual approach towards a target behavior is called what?

discrimination

Bain's dog barks and growls at the sound of a stranger's car pulling into his driveway, yet the dog wags its tail and gets excited at the sound of Bain's car. In this scenario, the difference in the dog's reactions to the sound of Bain's car and that of a stranger's car is due to _________.

principles of learning

Behavior therapy uses which of the following to directly promote desired behavioral changes?

They exhibit behaviors that are self-defeating.

Behaviors or mental processes are suggestive of psychological disorders when they include combinations of certain criteria. Which of the following is one of the criteria?

having dyslexia

Being left-handed appears to provide a somewhat greater-than-average probability of ________.

empathy

Bergliot's client is sharing his thinking process while he commits crimes. Although she does not agree with his behavior, Bergliot suspends her own values and listens closely, displaying which of the following qualities of a client-centered therapist?

anxiety

Biofeedback training has been used to help individuals with

true

Biofeedback training is a system that provides information about a bodily function so the organism can gain control of that function.

social status (it should be)

Bobby is attracted to Sophia, a married colleague. He pursues her and eventually has a one-night stand with her and brags about it. for which reason did Bobby want to have sex with Sophia?

afferent neurons

Bobby was standing in line to purchase a movie ticket. All of a sudden, the man in front of him took a few steps back and stepped on Bobby's foot. Bobby immediately felt pain in his foot. This sensation was transmitted to the spinal cord and the brain through ________.

Broca's area

Cameron gets frustrated when they talk because the language comes out haltingly and with difficulty. What part of Cameron's brain may be damaged?

is psychologically hardy

Carole is a healthy teenager. She is able to resist illness despite being severely stressed at times. She believes that change is normal and can face adverse situations well. Psychologists would say that Carole ________.

generalization

Chandler was once awoken from her sleep by a white rat that fell on her. Following this incident, she began fearing all furry white objects including white fur coats and white stuffed animals. In this scenario, Chandler's fear of all furry white objects is due to _____.

schema

Channing walked into a Moroccan restaurant and was surprised that he did not see any utensils (i.e., fork, knife, & spoon). Their surprise stems from the fact that he had never eaten without utensils before. This is an example of a(n) __________.

passive coping

Charna was charged as part of an embezzlement scheme in her accounting firm. The stress of the situation was so great that she threw herself on the mercy of the court as a way of dealing with it. Which process did Charna use to surrender control of the situation?

a Type A behavior pattern

Claire is always on the go. She was valedictorian of her class and has always been competitive. She would most likely be considered to exhibit ________.

Hearing aids can be used to help with conductive deafness.

Conductive deafness is different from sensorineural deafness in which of the following ways?

Prefrontal cortex

Consciousness and awareness are said to come from which region of the brain?

suppression

Darren is on the way to his university to take an exam. He is disturbed by thoughts of failing because he is not prepared for the exam. However, he pushes away thoughts of failing and focuses on studying. In this scenario, Darren is using _____.

His expertise from watching shark time.

David loves shark time on television. He knows a great deal about these predators. When his biology teacher gave a pop quiz on sharks, what gave David an advantage over his classmates?

token economy

Derris's mom used to give him gold stars on their refrigerator whenever he would help out around the house. If Derris earned enough gold stars, then he could have some ice cream after dinner. This type of reward system is called a ________.

Our sense of smell declines in late adulthood.

Diego is 75-years-old and his grandchildren have noticed that he uses a lot of salt and pepper on his dinners lately. What is a likely explanation for this?

false

Dissociative amnesia is usually caused by an organic problem, such as physical trauma to the head or excessive consumption of alcohol.

stage 2 sleep

Dr. Kendall runs a research sleep lab at her university. As she was reviewing the EEG recording of a sleeping subject in the lab, she notices the presence of theta brain waves and sleep spindles. Dr. Kendall concludes that the subject is in ______________.

pure research

Dr. Van Nostrand is trying to understand how messages are sent between the nervous system and endocrine system. He has no practical application in mind. What type of work is he doing?

informed consent

Dr. Wu lets volunteers for his experiment know about possible side effects of the vaccine candidate. In doing so, he is gaining his participants' ________.

vivid

Dreams experienced during REM tend to be

Palmar

Dulce is only a few hours old and whenever her father presses his finger into the inside of her hand, Dulce grabs onto it. Which reflex is Dulce displaying?

behavior therapy

During Bobbi's therapy session, she noticed that her therapist was frequently mentioning rewards and consequences. Her therapist most likely practices what type of therapy?

true

During World War II, some bomber pilots developed night blindness. They could not carry out their nighttime missions, although no damage to their optic nerves was found. This was an example of conversion disorder.

receptor site

Each kind of neurotransmitter has a unique chemical structure, and each can fit into a specifically tailored harbor, also known as a ________.

false

Early in the 20th century, Gestalt psychologists noted certain consistencies in the way we integrate bits and pieces of sensory stimulation into meaningful wholes. This group of rules is referred to as the laws of similarity.

conditional positive regard

Ebony had just graduated college and started her career as an accountant. She realized after a couple of months that she really did not enjoy her career choice but felt conflicted because that is all that her parents, who were both accountants, ever wanted for her to become. Which of the following terms does this apply to?

true

Echoic memories last longer than iconic memories.

Mary Salter Ainsworth

Efraim is interested in how parents and children make attachments to each other. Whose work was most influential on this topic?

false

Environmental factors play little to no role in the development of a child. Everyone is preprogrammed with a genetic code for how their development will occur throughout childhood.

insight

Eric is a scam-artist who tries to make money through dishonest means. He tried to sell a fake antique Roman sculpture, but was caught when the antiques dealer noticed it was dated "246 BC." What is the dealer's sudden realization about the improper date called?

ego identity

Erik Erikson believed that the goal of adolescence was to gain a firm sense of who one is and what one stands for. What term did he use to describe this?

has high self-efficacy expectations

Eugene believes that he can bring about positive change in his life through his own efforts. Psychologists would say that Eugene ________.

humanistic-existential

Evelyn's therapist keeps reminding her that she must take responsibility for her thoughts and actions, and reinvent herself. Which approach is her therapist most likely using?

variable-interval schedule

Every morning, Zuri's parents watch for the school bus to arrive. They repeatedly are looking out the window to see if the bus has arrived. This schedule is a __________.

true

Every time Yana smells gardenias, it takes her back to her childhood beside her mother working in the garden, and a memory of being surrounded by gardenias. The smell of gardenias triggers a context-dependent memory for Yana.

information that can be clearly stated.

Explicit memory is:

focused less on unconscious processes and more on conscious choice and self-direction

Famous neoanalysts such as Karen Horney and Erik Erikson differ from earlier psychodynamic practitioners in that they ________.

generalized anxiety disorder

Feelings of dread and foreboding and sympathetic arousal of at least six months' duration are characteristics of which disorder?

true

Freud stirred controversy by arguing that sexual impulses are a central factor in personality development—that we all experience psychosexual development, the process by which libidinal energy is expressed through different erogenous zones during the stages of development.

behavior modification

Gael has been exhibiting some behavioral issues at school lately. The teacher has developed a plan to ignore his poor behaviors and reinforcement him with positive praise and attention whenever he exhibits positive behaviors. The teacher is using ______________.

true

Gender-typing is the process by which males and females come to develop personality traits and behavior patterns that society considers to be consistent with their gender.

serotonin

Goran is a person struggling with alcohol addiction. Which neurotransmitter might be in deficit for him?

transference

Gustave started reacting to his therapist as if they were his mother. Which term best refers to Gustave's reaction?

low levels of adrenaline

High self-efficacy expectations are accompanied by ________.

yellow bile, blood, phlegm, and black bile.

Hippocrates believed that our personalities were determined by four basic fluids, or humors. Those four humors are:

true

Humans have feature detector cells for both visual and auditory sensory systems.

They note that people engage in intentional learning by observing others.

Identify a true statement about social-cognitive theorists.

saving

If a student studies the course material twice a week, the difference between the amount of time originally required to learn the information and the amount of time required to re-learn the material after a certain amount of time has elapsed is known as __________.

assimilation

If every door in the store swings both ways, a young child might believe all doors work this way. When the child encounters a door that does not work this way, she assumes that it must not be a door. This method of explaining doors according to the child's existing schema is called __________

pitch

If two sounds differ in frequency, they are perceived as different ________.

binocular cues

If you look at a painting on the other side of the room with first your right and then your left eye, the images look virtually identical. However, if you place your index finger in front of your nose one eye at a time, the two images look very different from one another. The phenomenon is an example of which distance cue?

Operant conditioning

If you want to teach your cat to stop scratching up your couches, what type of conditioning will be most effective in reducing the scratching behavior?

functional fixedness

In a horror movie, Molly is being chased through the kitchen by the monster. She is looking for a weapon, but runs right past the fire extinguisher, and gets caught just as she reaches a kitchen knife. What caused Molly to not consider the fire extinguisher as a weapon?

False

In divergent thinking, thought is limited to present facts; the problem solver narrows his or her thinking to find the best solution, whereas, in convergent thinking, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course.

projective test

In his clinical practice, Dr. Lee believes that the draw-a-person test (DAP) is an excellent way to discover some of his patients' mental health issues. The DAP requires you to draw a person, for instance, your mother or significant other. This type of test would be considered a(n) __________.

aversive conditioning

In order for Tonya to stop smoking, her therapist laced her cigarettes with incense that smelled horrifically. What is the name of the technique that Tonya's therapist is using?

catharsis

In psychoanalysis, what is the name of the term for a client spilling forth their psychic energy that had been repressed by conflicts?

true

In psychodynamic theory, descriptive information that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention (i.e., What did I eat for breakfast this morning? or What is my cell phone number?) is called preconscious material.

language acquisition device

In psycholinguistic theory, which of the following is a neural "prewiring" that facilitates a child's learning of grammar?

false

In terms of the just noticeable difference, with auditory stimulation, people are more sensitive to changes in loudness.

behavior therapy

In the context of evidence-based practices, which of the following treatments would be most effective in treating depression, developmental disabilities, and bed-wetting?

ventromedial nucleus

In the context of hunger, if which part of a rat is electrically stimulated—that is, "switched on"—the rat stops eating until the current is turned off?

The intellectual functioning of an individual cannot be assessed without relating it to other people in the same age group.

In the context of measurement of personality, which of the following statements is true?

They are nearsighted when they are born.

In the context of perceptual development, which of the following is true of newborns?

seventh week.

In the context of prenatal development, the male embryo starts producing androgens, male sex hormones, by about the:

dreams

In the context of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud considered which of the following the "royal road" to the unconscious?

false

In the context of psychoanalysis, catharsis provides relief by assaulting the ego.

media violence contributes to aggression among people.

In the context of the effects of media violence, most organizations of health professionals agree that:

a clear image of an object to be projected onto the retina

In the context of the eye, changes in thickness of the lens permit ________.

adrenal medulla

In the context of the general adaptation syndrome, the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline are secreted by the ________.

Type A

In the early 1900s, John D. Rockefeller was the richest man in the world. When asked how much money is enough, he replied, "just a little more." Rockefeller most likely had which personality type?

false

In their continuing research, psychologists have come to define consciousness in only one way, as the continuing self in the world.

generalized dissociative amnesia

In which disorder do people forget their entire lives?

fixed-ratio schedule

Ivan is a waiter at a coffee shop. He gets paid $100 every day at 9 p.m. regardless of the number of customers he serves during the day. In this scenario, Ivan's payment is based on the ________.

sensory adaptation

Jarrod is a receptionist who works long hours at a desk in his company. When he first gets to work in the morning he is annoyed by the "tick tick tick" of the clock on the wall. After an hour or two (or sooner if he is involved in a project that requires his focus) the sound of the clock isn't something he notices any longer. What is this an example of?

cognitive dissonance theory

Jed has always believed that he was entirely incapable of learning how science works. He's always struggled in these classes, and has basically given up. Then he takes a DNA test and learns that he is a very distant relative of Albert Einstein, one of the greatest scientists in history. Which theory says that Jed is likely to change his behavior and thoughts to become consistent with his new knowledge?

50%

Jedda's mother is indigenous and her father is Spanish, how much genetic overlap does she have with each parent?

true

Jenna has not eaten in eight hours. She experiences hunger. According to the drive-reduction theory, Jenna is experiencing a primary drive.

facial-feedback hypothesis

Jerrion was working in his apartment on a very difficult project for work. He decided to take a break and walk outside. It was a bright sunny day and he was squinting a lot because of the light. Upon getting back inside to work on the project he felt more excited about it. This behavior is consistent with the ________.

schizoid personality disorder

Jomei is a loner who shows little interest in making friends and does not exhibit much emotion. However, he is efficient at his job. His job involves updating a database to reflect the most recent events occurring in the world. He is showing signs of _________.

incentive

Jorge works for a finance company. His boss tells him that he will get a raise if he completes his work two days before the actual deadline. The raise that Jorge is being offered is referred to as a(n) ________.

"hallucinations"?

Jose had his arm amputated after an accident. Sometimes at night he wakes up in pain as he feels a burning sensation running down his missing limb. Jose is experiencing ________.

Albert Ellis

Kalevi pushes his clients to notice and deal with their irrational beliefs, for example by asking them why they believe that everyone must love them. Whose method has Kaevi most closely replicated?

avoidant

Kendis and Cyra do not respond to every cry that their infant makes. They want their infant to grow up to be independent. Their infant is likely to develop which type of attachment with their parents?

true

Kinesthesis is about motion and perception. In kinesthesis, sensory information is fed back to the brain from sensory organs in the joints, tendons, and muscles.

resources

Kofo is an actor in adult films, so his motivation for having sex on camera is most likely ________.

that sometimes learning occurs suddenly

Kohler's pioneering work with chimpanzees revealed ________.

Practicing transcendental meditation

Kwame's brain is producing alpha waves while experiencing a slowing heart rate. His oxygen consumption has decreased as well. What is Kwame probably doing?

secondary sex characteristics

Lani is a young female who has noticed that her hips and buttocks have started to become slightly heavier. Lani is undergoing a change in ___________.

biological

Lesedi is a person with generalized anxiety disorder. Her therapist prescribes her valium to reduce the severity of her symptoms. Which approach has her therapist taken?

Letîf's parenting was criticized by his brother.

Letîf is angry at his brother for criticizing his parenting style. Even though he doesn't realize that he's doing it, he now behaves in a much stricter fashion with his kids because of the criticism he received. Which part of this scenario was the activating event?

case study

Lifong is a person with a disorder that produces three distinct personalities. Which method is best suited to study Lifong's disorder?

preconscious information

Liz sustained a head injury in a car accident. When she was fully awake, the doctor approached her and asked her questions such as "What is the last thing you remember?" and "When were you born?" Liz was able to answer all these questions correctly. In this scenario, the questions asked to Liz summon up __________.

false

Lucas had been binge watching a television show most of the evening and he eventually started to drift off to sleep. During an especially violent scene in the show, there were loud explosions which jolted him awake. This was due to the secretion of oxytocin.

semantic memory

Mahmood knows a lot of facts about the earth. He knows that the circumference of Earth is 40,030 km even though he did not personally measure the circumference of the Earth. This knowledge is referred to as __________.

prototype

Marci would describe almost a perfect person whenever her friends would ask her who she thought was her ideal life partner. This "perfect" person would be a(n) ________.

Rapid Eye Movement (REM)

Masha's friend woke her up in the middle of the night. Upon waking, Masha recounted the nightmare she was just having. Which stage of sleep was Masha probably in?

true

Melzack's view that neurons in the spine can simultaneously transmit only a limited amount of information, so that stimulation of neurons from many regions can limit the perception of pain in one region is called gate theory of pain.

means-end analysis

Milos wants to become a professional tennis player. He is already playing well on his college team, and studies video and next generation statistics to help him understand the difference between where he is now as a player and where he needs to be as a professional. Milos is using which heuristic device?

false

Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to attain spiritual enlightenment.

Prospective memory

Monte just realized it is nearing the end of the month. He reminds himself to pay the rent tomorrow before noon. What type of memory is Monte utilizing?

claustrophobia

Nafeeza does not like being in crowded rooms. She is also scared of elevators and takes the stairs to the sixth floor of her office every day. Which anxiety disorder does Nafeeza exhibit?

shaping

Nakotah is teaching young children to play soccer. Each time they make a good move, he praises them. In this scenario, Nakotah is training the children by _________.

paired associates

Nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall are ____________.

naturalistic observation

On his first day as a school psychologist, Daniel took a trip to the school ground and quietly sat in the corner watching the children play. He noticed several patterns in the way children behave with each other, especially when they were playing games. Daniel is most likely using the method of ________.

priming

Once we have learned the multiplication tables, the recall of 6 x 6 is relatively automatic due to __________.

Edward L. Thorndike

One of the first people to do research on the effects of rewards and punishment did so by trapping cats in puzzle boxes and collecting data on them attempting to escape. Who was this researcher?

Cannon-bard

Osku and Monika are discussing how emotions emerge. Osku insists that emotions are only felt after the patterns of body arousal begin. Monika maintains that the brain processes an event, with arousal and emotions happening simultaneously. For which theory of emotion is Monika advocating?

false

Panic disorder is an abrupt anxiety attack that is often tied to specific anxiety-provoking objects or situations.

overregularization

Patricia, a three-year-old girl, is having dinner. She looks at her father and says, "I eated food." In this scenario, Patricia is exhibiting ________.

intrinsic

Pavel loves to play the violin. He feels best when he has played to the best of his ability. What kind of incentive makes Pavel practice so he can do his best?

false

People with antisocial personality disorder show instability in their relationships, self-image, and mood, and a lack of control over impulses.

are more likely than others to have anxiety and depression.

People with frequent nightmares

false

People with lower self-efficacy expectations have biological as well as psychological reasons for remaining calmer and are less prone to be disturbed by adverse events.

false

Psychological disorders are predictable responses to specific events.

all-or-none

Qin smashed his foot against a coffee table while talking through his apartment in the dark. His big toe was stubbed and his second toe was broken, but the pain signal was the same strength at first due to which principle?

exhaustion

Ramon has been under stress for months from trying to figure out how to keep paying his employees even though his restaurant must operate at reduced capacity to help slow the spread of the virus. Although things are getting better, Ramon is in danger of entering which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

cerebellum

Raphael fainted and hit the back of his head, and now he walks unsteadily. Which part of his brain was most likely injured in the fall?

object permanence

Rashon's caretaker is playing peek-a-boo with him. Every time the caretaker hides their face, Rashon loses interest but is surprised when their face reappears. Peek-a-boo is so entertaining because Rashon lacks _________.

false

Rates of suicide and suicide attempts are similar among various ethnic groups and according to gender.

have higher self-esteem than those who do.

Research on acculturation shows that people who do not fully surrender their traditional backgrounds:

false

Research shows that cultural issues do not play a significant role in an individual's psychology.

true

Research suggests that people who have reported greater feelings of happiness and well-being are likely to score more highly than other people on scales that measure emotional stability, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and extraversion.

true

Researchers historically agreed on four primary taste qualities: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter.

false

Robert Rescorla's contingency theory suggests that learning occurs only when the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) provides information about the conditioned stimulus (CS).

rebound anxiety

Ryan, a psychiatrist, has recommended that his patient, who suffers from generalized anxiety, stop the use of antianxiety drugs. After two weeks, the patient complains that her anxiety symptoms have become worse. Ryan tells the patient that her feelings are an expected response to stopping anti-anxiety medication. What is the patient experiencing?

GABA

Saachi is having trouble calming her anxiety, she may have a deficit of which inhibitory neurotransmitter?

latency

Shilah, a nine-year old, almost exclusively plays with boys at his elementary school. Shilah's behavior is most likely associated with which stage of psychosexual development?

taste

Silas has a cold which has caused him to have a stuffy nose. Besides not being able to smell, what other sense may be affected?

la belle indifference

Some people affected by conversion disorder will have a total lack of concern for their symptoms. This symptom is termed _____________.

true

Some stress is healthful and necessary to keep us alert and occupied.

temporal

The auditory cortex, which is responsible for processing information for the sense of hearing, is located in which lobe of the brain?

true

The immune system combats disease by producing white blood cells that engage in search-and-destroy missions in which they "recognize" and eradicate foreign agents and unhealthy cells such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and cancerous body cells.

direct inner awareness

The knowledge of one's own thoughts, feelings, and memories without the use of sensory organs is known as _____.

false

The most complex form of conflict is the approach-avoidance conflict, in which each of several alternative courses of action has pluses and minuses.

Alzheimer's disease

The progressive form of mental deterioration characterized by loss of memory, language, problem solving, and other cognitive functions is indicative of __________________.

personality

The reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another is the definition of _______________.

adaptation

The resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome is also known as which stage?

olfactory bulb is to taste

The rods & cones are to the eye as the ________.

perceptual speed

The speed with which one can compare figures and symbols is known as _______________.

fissures

The surface of the cerebrum—the cerebral cortex—is wrinkled, or convoluted, with ridges and valleys. These valleys are known as ________.

the principle of closure

The tendency to perceive an image with missing visual components as being complete or whole refers to ________.

unconditional positive regard

The term Rogers used to describe when someone accepts something based on their intrinsic merit regardless of what they have done is ________________.

sought careers that had elements of risk, and decision making

The work of McClelland (1965) found that college graduates who were high in achievement motivation ________.

true

There is a correlation between the viewing of media violence and aggressive behavior, but media violence is not the only factor.

schizotypal personality disorder

This disorder is characterized by peculiarities of thought, perception, or behavior, such as excessive fantasy and suspiciousness, feelings of being unreal, or the odd use of words.

anagrams

Tiffany asks her son to reorganize groups of letters such as "skosc," "odg," "imal," and "orod" into words. In this scenario, which form of the words socks, dog, mail, and door is Tiffany using?

mental hospital

Tom is a World War II war hero who suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression. In 1954, he was sent to an institution for treatment. He was successfully cured and he reentered society to lead a normal life. He was most likely admitted to a(n) ________.

define the problem

Tuuli and Tuuka have hit a rough patch in their marriage. They agree to seek counseling in order to figure out what is causing their stress. Which step in problem solving have they taken?

Broca's and Wernicke's areas are usually on the left.

What evidence is there that the left hemisphere of the brain is the primary language processing area?

They generally have less grey matter.

What is one difference, noted via MRI scans, that can be seen in the brains of people with schizophrenia?

neurotransmitters

What is sent by a neuron to relay its message to another neuron?

Initial-preattachment phase, attachment-in-the-making phase, clear-cut attachment phase

What is the correct order for Ainsworth's three phases of attachment?

auditory canal, ear drum, oval window, cochlea

What is the correct order of structures triggered in the ear by incoming sound waves?

the ego

What part of the Freudian psyche would be used if you realized you really wanted the new phone your best friend has, knew stealing it was wrong, and decided you should get a job and work hard to earn and save money until you have enough to purchase it?

holophrases

When a child utters the word "mama," it may signify meanings as varied as "There goes Mama," "Come here, Mama," and "You are my Mama." Such single words used by children to express complex meanings are known as ________.

hallucinations

When an individual has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, they may hear or see things that are not actually there. These are known as ___________.

the M'Naghten Rule

When an individual is put on trial, what has to be used to determine if an insanity plea can be made?

prefrontal cortex

When examining the possible causes of antisocial personality disorder, what region of the brain is likely involved due to the absence of normal and expected emotional responses?

false

When you store information by mentally repeating it, this memory process is called elaborative rehearsal.

instinct

Whenever we hear a loud, unexpected sound, we often have a startle response. The pattern of behavior that is triggered in this specific situation is called a (an) ________.

Barbiturates

Which addictive depressants are used to relieve anxiety or induce sleep?

computerized axial tomography scan

Which brain imaging technology takes several X-rays to reveal deformities in shape and structure that are connected with blood clots, tumors, and other health problems?

adrenal

Which gland is responsible for the production of epinephrine?

lips

Which of the following areas of the body is the most sensitive to touch?

Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not primarily involved in sensation or motor activity.

Which of the following best describes association areas?

Observable behavior

Which of the following best identifies the behaviorists' primary emphasis for the study of psychology?

an action potential

Which of the following describes the electrical impulse that provides the basis for the conduction of a neural impulse along an axon of a neuron?

Unconscious sexual impulses are less important than social relationships.

Which of the following did Karen Horney's views emphasize?

correlation coefficient

Which of the following expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables?

1/60th

Which of the following fractions is known as Weber's constant for light?

Interviewers may influence participants to give responses that suit their expectations.

Which of the following is a drawback of case studies?

need

Which of the following is a state of deprivation?

People choose whether or not to imitate aggressive behaviors they observe.

Which of the following is a view of cognitive psychologists?

growing hair

Which of the following is an example of a nonconscious process?

multiple approach-avoidance

Which of the following is considered the most complex form of conflict?

It stimulates the growth of tissue in the hips.

Which of the following is true of estrogen production in females?

They focus on internal variables such as unconscious conflict to explain and predict behavior.

Which of the following is true of the learning theorists?

humanism

Which of the following perspectives stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making?

gender identity

Which of the following refers to one's sense of whether a person sees herself or himself as being female, male, or somewhere in between?

Extracting a promise not to commit suicide before calling or visiting a helping professional seems to prevent some suicides.

Which of the following statements about suicide is correct?

It is analogous to a biochemical "hard drive."

Which of the following statements is true about long-term memory?

Moderating variables such as social connectedness figure into the effects of media violence.

Which of the following statements is true in the context of the effects of violent video games?

It is designed to find solutions to specific personal or social problems

Which of the following statements is true of applied research?

Distant objects stimulate smaller areas on the retina than nearby ones.

Which of the following statements is true of depth perception?

It stimulates the release of neurotransmitters.

Which of the following statements is true of nicotine?

Algorithms invariably lead to solutions if they are used properly.

Which of the following statements is true of problem solving?

Thorndike's law of effect

Which of the following theories states that pleasant events stamp in responses, and unpleasant events stamp them out?

semanticity

Which of these is the quality of language in which words are used as symbols for objects, events, or ideas?

Continuity hypothesis

Which theory offers a possible explanation for why we dream about memories or problems from our day?

iconic

Which type of memory can hold visual stimuli for up to a second and allows for the flow of visual information to see smooth and continuous?

Sigmund Freud

Who of the following would be the most likely to believe that dreams reveal unconscious impulses?

introspection

Wilhelm Wundt used which method to try to discover the basic elements of experience?

Encouraging more tantrums

You are in line at the grocery store and directly ahead of you is a child throwing a fit, demanding their parent buy them some candy. The temper tantrum gets louder and louder with each second. Based on the principals of operant conditioning, if the parent buys the child the candy she is demanding in order to stop the tantrum, what is that parent doing?

latent learning

You moved to a new town and have to learn the layout of the streets and locations of various businesses. You learn the layout of the town without any reinforcements. Your friend asks you to go to a specific store for them to pick up an order. You are able to easily do this by following a route you have never taken. This is an example of ______________.

oxytocin

The hormone closely tied to attachment and contact comfort, specifically the importance of skin-to-skin contact between humans, is ________________.