PSYC review chapters 14 & 16

People with _____ personality disorder display a range of interpersonal problems marked by extreme discomfort in close relationships, very odd patterns of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities

schizotypal

Digressive and vague language with loose associations accompanied by attention and concentration problems are characteristic of:

schizotypal personality disorder.

Avoidant personality disorder seems MOST closely related to:

social anxiety

In general, the closer that people are genetically related to someone with schizophrenia, the more likely they are to be diagnosed with schizophrenia as well. This is evidence of _____ between a schizophrenia diagnosis and the degree of closeness of relationship.

a positive correlation

There is a game called Moods where one acts out the mood listed on a card. Being encouraged to play this game is most like the treatment _____ might use for those with schizoid disorders

cognitive therapists

"The problem is that they assume they can't take care of themselves, so they think others have to meet their needs. This pattern of thinking is not very helpful in trying to deal with histrionic personality disorder." A psychologist from which perspective would agree MOST strongly with this quote?

cognitive-behavioral

A person experiencing paranoid personality disorder frequently says things like, "You've got to get them before they get you," and "People have been sinners since the Garden of Eden." If these sayings reflect maladaptive assumptions the person has about people in general, the theorist who would be LEAST surprised would have which theoretical position?

cognitive-behavioral

If one receives a good deal of attention for unusual behaviors, is it any surprise those behaviors are strengthened?" This question would MOST likely be asked by what type of theorist?

cognitive-behavioral

a child who is severely criticized for acting independently, and who is praised for doing exactly what parents say to do, later develops dependent personality disorder. The therapist who would be LEAST surprised by this outcome would have which theoretical orientation?

cognitive-behavioral

What is the rate of concordance for schizophrenia in identical twins?

40-50 percent

_____ is characterized by difficulty establishing social ties, discomfort in social situations, and fear of being embarrassed or appearing foolish.

Avoidant personality disorder

_____ is defined as apathy, coupled with an inability to start or complete a course of action.

Avolition

How is catatonic stupor related to loss of volition?

Both appear to be behaviorally similar, but each has different underlying features.

Which statement is accurate regarding antisocial personality disorder?

Most who have it are not treated, and most who are treated are not helped much.

Which statement is NOT generally true of those with antisocial personality disorder?

They care for no one's safety, except theirs and their children's.

A patient with schizophrenia who is mute, statue-like, and fails to participate in the hospital routine is MOST likely experiencing:

Type II schizophrenia.

Symptoms of postpartum psychosis appear to be triggered by:

a large shift in hormones occurring just after childbirth

What is a pseudocommando mass murderer?

a person who expects to be killed while committing mass murder

Which is NOT one of the Big Five supertraits?

anger

Cruelty to animals and people, destruction of property, and truancy before the age of 15:

are characteristic of those later diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.

"That personality disorder has become so common, I encounter it almost every day in the emergency room." MOST likely, this doctor is talking about which personality disorder?

borderline

People with _____ personality disorder are emotionally unstable, impulsive, and reckless.

borderline

The inability to accurately interpret one's internal biological, emotional or physiological states is characteristic of both:

borderline personality disorder and eating disorders.

Holding an awkward and bizarre position for a long period of time defines:

catatonic posturing.

Those with schizophrenia who stop responding to their environment and remain motionless and silent for long periods of time are experiencing:

catatonic stupor.

Damage to the prefrontal cortex would likely cause which symptom to be observed?

deficits in planning, self-control, and decision making

A strange false belief that is firmly held despite evidence to the contrary is called a:

delusion.

Martin is a person with schizophrenia who feels ambivalent about most issues. He has no goals and does not seem to have the energy or interest to think about them. He certainly cannot make decisions. He is MOST likely suffering from:

disturbances in volition.

Based on family pedigree studies, which relative of an individual with a diagnosis of schizophrenia would be MOST at risk for developing the disorder?

fraternal twin

People with _____ personality disorder are extremely emotional and seek to be the center of attention.

histrionic

Luke constantly strives to be the center of attention, yet the ideas he so eloquently expresses are usually shallow and changeable. If he were diagnosed with a personality disorder, it MOST likely would be

histrionic.

Biologically speaking, if one wanted to treat antisocial personality disorder, one would want to _____ the individual with the disorder.

increase the anxiety level of

People with avoidant personality disorder have difficulty _____ relationships, whereas people with dependent personality disorder have difficulty _____ relationships.

initiating; ending

Schizotypal personality disorders differ from other odd personality disorders in that they are related to schizophrenia and:

mood disorders.

The five traits to be included in future revisions of the DSM-5 that utilize a dimensional approach in diagnosing personality disorders are:

negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, psychoticism.

According to the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia:

people with a biological predisposition for schizophrenia will develop it if certain psychosocial stressors are also present.

Type I schizophrenia is to _____, as Type II schizophrenia is to _____.

positive symptoms; negative symptoms

Which of the following would provide the strongest evidence supporting a genetic link to schizophrenia?

similar concordance rates for identical twins raised in different environments and identical twins raised in the same environment

To be diagnosed with schizophrenia, symptoms must be present for _____, during which a person must have been _____ for at least one month.

six months; in the active phase

What is mentalization?

the capacity to understand one's own mental states and those of other people

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are to _____, as negative symptoms are to _____.

the presence of inappropriate behaviors; the absence of appropriate behaviors

The finding that the highest rates of schizophrenia are found among people who are born during the winter supports which theory of schizophrenia?

viral theory

How is social withdrawal related to avolition

Both are negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

Which statement about genetic factors in schizophrenia is accurate?

Close relatives of those with schizophrenia are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than distant relatives of those with schizophrenia.

Given that schizophrenia is associated with many gene sites, which of the following inferences is the MOST illogical?

Eventually, research will narrow down the number of gene sites that are associated with schizophrenia to only a few.

Why are people who take medication for schizophrenia often given medication that helps control shaking and tremors?

Medication used to treat schizophrenia leads to Parkinson-like symptoms.

According to the principles of operant conditioning, if others consistently ignore a person's appropriate response to their social cues, what will happen?

The person will stop attending to social cues.

Camila felt like she was on an emotional roller coaster. She felt angry and empty. Camila's feelings are MOST similar to those of someone with which personality disorder?

antisocial

Which personality disorder is marked by a general pattern of disregard for, and violation of, other people's rights?

antisocial

Which is characteristic of MOST mass murderers?

feelings of persecution and desire for revenge

The complete remission rate for those diagnosed with schizophrenia is:

higher in developing countries than in developed countries, possibly because of better family and social support.

A belief that unrelated events pertain to oneself in some important way is known as:

ideas of reference

In the middle of a calm conversation, a person with Tourette's syndrome might suddenly begin shouting and follow that with a string of obscenities. This is similar to the symptom of schizophrenia called:

inappropriate affect.

Schizophrenia is found in all socioeconomic classes. However, it is MOST likely to be found in someone from a:

lower socioeconomic level.

What is the dark triad?

malicious traits that work together to produce offensive behavior

Which have sociocultural theorists suggested as a cause for the emergence of borderline personality disorder?

rapid social change

Which trait is common in people with antisocial personality disorder?

recklessness

The schizoid personality disorder differs from paranoid personality disorder in that:****

those with schizoid personality disorder desire to be alone; those with paranoid personality are alone because of suspiciousness.

A person diagnosed with schizophrenia is not hospitalized, yet eventually shows complete remission of symptoms. This pattern is:

typical of what happens in developing countries.

Schizophrenia is to _____, as Parkinson's disease is to _____.

increased dopamine activation; decreased dopamine activation

The personality disorder that is characterized by the need for undying love and admiration is

narcissistic.

DSM-5, like its predecessor, DSM-IV-TR, identifies 10 personality disorders utilizing a:

categorical approach.

The disorder that appears to be MOST closely related to the schizotypal personality disorder is:

schizophrenia.

A friend of yours says, "A 15-year-old high school student accused of shooting several classmates received a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder." Your accurate reply would be:

"No, the student is too young for that diagnosis."

People with schizophrenia who wave their arms around in wild motions and make kicking motions with their legs are experiencing:

catatonic excitement.

"Let's try to figure out where clients fall on several key personality traits, rather than using a dichotomous classification system." Someone saying this would MOST likely favor which approach to classifying personality disorders?

a dimensional approach

When Janice drinks her milk, she is sure from the taste that someone put salt in it. Janice is most likely experiencing a(n) _____ hallucination.

Gustatory

Which statement most accurately reflects up-to-date research on DSM-5 categories of personality disorder?

Individuals do not necessarily have to have very similar personalities to receive the same diagnosis.

Poverty of speech, blunted and flat affect, loss of volition, and social withdrawal are all _____ symptoms of schizophrenia.

Negative

Which statement BEST describes treatment for narcissistic personality disorder?

No form of therapy is clearly better than the others.

Does research support the assumption that there is a "schizophrenia gene"?

No, schizophrenia is probably a polygenic disorder, and researchers have not pinpointed the exact gene yet.

A client is searching for the BEST treatment for borderline personality disorder. Will drug treatment be effective if it is the only intervention the client receives?

No. Drugs should be used along with psychotherapy, if used at all.

Which statement is the WEAKEST in explaining the relationship between mental illness and substance abuse?

One's personality leads to both mental illness and substance abuse.

Which statement about schizophrenia is true?

Psychosis is a key feature of schizophrenia, but it can also occur in other disorders.

The viral explanation suggests that prenatal viral exposure produces _____ that are associated with the development of schizophrenia.

brain abnormalities

Which statement BEST describes effective therapy for treating borderline personality disorder?

Research suggests that dialectical behavior therapy is the most effective.

Downward drift is BEST reflected in which statement?

Schizophrenia causes people to fall into poverty and social disruption.

Which is NOT a problem in the use of the DSM-5 to diagnose personality disorders?

The criteria are so restrictive that several categories rarely, if ever, are used.

Dr. Hoover often prescribes patients many drugs. However, there are some exceptions. What is the MOST likely reason that Dr. Hoover seldom prescribes drugs when treating clients with borderline personality disorder?

The risk of suicide increases because using drugs may lead to overdose.

How do personality disorders differ from the personality characteristics of typical people?

They lead to more maladaptive, distressful, and inflexible behaviors.

If future editions of the DSM change to a dimensional approach in the diagnosis of personality disorders, what action will be required of clinicians?

They will need to rate the degree of dysfunction caused by each person's traits in diagnosing personality disorders.

Which statement is true regarding Type I versus Type II schizophrenia?

Type I schizophrenia is significantly more common than Type II schizophrenia.

Which would MOST clearly fit into the biosocial theory of the development of borderline personality disorder?

an individual who has difficulty controlling internal emotions and parents who mislabel those emotions

An adult has been jailed for the third time for fraud; each time it has been for persuading investors to put money into a phony silver mine. If the adult has received a DSM-5 diagnosis, it is MOST likely either:

antisocial personality disorder or a substance-related disorder.

The MOST common type of hallucination in schizophrenia is:

auditory.

If a person primarily fears close social relationships, one would MOST likely conclude that the person is experiencing:

avoidant personality disorder.

"I sit staring at a blank page, unable to make myself write a new multiple choice test item; I just don't seem to care." This behavior is like that of people with schizophrenia displaying the symptom called:

avolition.

Transported to the hospital after a suicide attempt, a man is later admitted to the hospital's psychiatric wing. His history showed other self-destructive behaviors and recklessness. MOST likely based on symptoms alone, if the man is diagnosed with a personality disorder, it will be:

borderline

"The TV is making me think of the number 7" is to _____, as "Nobody believes that I am Saint Michael" is to _____.

delusions of control; delusions of grandeur

A woman proclaims, "I am the Virgin Mary, and I've come to give birth to a new savior." This person is MOST likely experiencing:

delusions of grandeur.

Rosa is sure that her family is planning to kidnap her and take her inheritance. She has found her husband talking on the phone in whispers and seen her children looking at her strangely. Rosa is MOST likely suffering from:

delusions of persecution.

"Be loyal to your family" was what the child heard all the time, along with, "You shouldn't and can't do it on your own, so don't even try." A cognitive-behaviorist would say this kind of upbringing would be MOST likely to produce which of the personality disorders in the child, when he or she reached adulthood?

dependent

Which disorder is characterized by an excessive need to be taken care of and a fear of separation?

dependent personality disorder

If parents excessively reinforce clinging and punish attempts at independence, the result might be the development of:

dependent personality disorder.

Dr. Marsha Linehan was the developer of which type of therapy?

dialectical behavior therapy

The type of therapy that generally provides the LEAST amount of help for those with schizoid personality disorder is:

drug.

Recently, the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia has been challenged because it has been discovered that:

effective new drugs suggest abnormal neurotransmitter activity of serotonin, glutamate, and GABA, as well as dopamine.

Evidence suggests that restricted affect among those with schizophrenia may reflect the inability to _____ emotions, not the inability to _____ them.

express feel

Sociocultural perspectives differ from other perspectives of schizophrenia because they focus exclusively on factors that are:

external to the individual.

The category of odd personality disorders includes the traits of:

extreme suspiciousness, social withdrawal, and cognitive and perceptual peculiarities.

Somatic hallucinations are:

feelings that something is happening inside the body.

_____ is a condition in which people show no emotions at all.

flat affect

Anna shows no emotions when people tell her happy or sad stories and complains of hearing voices in her head telling her that the TV is spying on her. At times, she remains motionless in her chair for hours. When she does get out of her chair, she poses like the statue in the town square. Which of these represents a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

hearing voices in her head

Beatlemania" gripped the United States in the 1960s, when the British rock group The Beatles performed; adoring fans screamed, sometimes fainted, and shouted exaggerated, emotional praise at the group. These behaviors MOST closely resemble the characteristics of:

histrionic personality disorder.

If observations of a relationship between "expressed emotion" in families and recovery from schizophrenia demonstrate cause-and-effect, then relapse should be LEAST common in people with schizophrenia whose families:

infrequently express criticism and allow a good deal of privacy.

The main difference between hallucinations and delusions is that hallucinations:

involve perception and delusions involve belief.

Schizophrenia researchers have been:

more successful in identifying biological origins than psychological origins of schizophrenia.

The millennial generation is thought to be extremely self-centered, often posting photos of themselves online for others to admire. If this is true, a sociocultural theorist would predict a larger-than-usual percentage of which kind of personality disorder among this generation?

narcissistic

I am the greatest!" a famous boxer declared loudly and often. Had he in fact acted throughout his adult life as though he were the greatest, the MOST appropriate diagnosis would be:

narcissistic personality disorder

A client is initially very resistant to therapy, cannot acknowledge weaknesses, and ignores feedback. MOST likely, the client is experiencing:

narcissistic personality disorder and will not make much progress in therapy.

Ty is fairly handsome but not as handsome as he thinks he is. He doesn't care about anyone but himself and is sure that everyone around him feels the same way. He is MOST likely experiencing:

narcissistic personality disorder.

A person with schizophrenia who says, "I have 'triscatitis' because the angular shape of my foreffit is diskiltered," is experiencing (note: the strange words are not real terms):

neologisms.

People with _____ are so preoccupied with order, perfection, and control that they lose all flexibility, openness, and efficiency.

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

People with _____ personality disorder deeply distrust other people and are suspicious of others' motives.

paranoid

Tactile hallucinations are:

perceptions of tingling, burning, or electric-shock sensations.

Hallucinations are to _____, as delusions are to _____.

perceptions; beliefs

If you wanted to write a book about a fictional character who is a typical example of antisocial personality disorder, you might have the character exhibit all of the following EXCEPT:

periods of very high anxiety.

The set of uniquely expressed characteristics that influence behaviors, emotions, thoughts, and interactions that is unique to each individual is termed:

personality.

Millie sees pretty colored butterflies on all the walls. She also hears gentle music, which is not actually there. The presence of these behaviors illustrates _____ symptoms of schizophrenia.

positive

The cognitive-behavioral view of schizophrenia:

provides a partial explanation for the origins and symptoms of schizophrenia.

The absence of parental love results in emotional detachment and the use of power to form relationships. This is most likely believed by _____ therapists.

psychodynamic

The inability to move limbs in catatonic schizophrenia illustrates _____ symptoms of schizophrenia.

psychomotor

Axl has always been a loner. He has never much cared for being with other people and does not form relationships easily. He appears to be without emotion. Axl may be exhibiting:

schizoid personality disorder.

Which is NOT related to a fuller recovery from schizophrenia?

schizophrenia developing during late adolescence

Researchers found that phenothiazines reduced psychotic symptoms but also caused Parkinsonian symptoms, like tremors. This discovery suggests that:

schizophrenia is tied to excessive dopamine.

People who attend to their own ideas and fantasies, who are unable to recognize other people's needs and emotions, and who also distance themselves from reality are displaying:

social withdrawal.

The main difference between schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder is:

the duration of symptoms.

If schizophrenia depended solely on genetic make-up, then compared to rates of schizophrenia in siblings in general, fraternal twins should have:

the same concordance rate for schizophrenia.

Which does dialectical behavior therapy NOT emphasize?

the use of antipsychotic medications in an outpatient setting

You might suspect an "era of narcissism" is approaching for a country when:

there is increasing emphasis on self-expression and competitiveness.

The MOST important similarity among the personality disorders listed in the text is that:

they are inflexible, maladaptive, and related to impaired functioning or distress.

Cognitive-behavioral theorists propose that people who develop narcissistic personality disorder may have been treated:

too positively in early life.

With the help of a therapist, a client with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder has experienced a dramatic decrease in both dichotomous thinking and worrying. The client's behavior is:

uncommon; most with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder do not seek help, and this person is most likely receiving cognitive therapy.