Psych 001- Midterm 1

PsyD

(doctor of psychology) doctoral degree that places less emphasis on research-oriented skills and focuses more on application of psychological principles in the clinical context

introspection

- "internal perception" - a process by which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible (making it so that the mind can be observed) - reported by reaction - highly subjective

gestalt

- "whole" - experience is broken down into parts - songs are by how the notes work together - contradicts structuralism

APA

- American Psychological Association - advance, disseminate psychological knowledge for the betterment of people

psyche

- Greek word for soul

inter-rater reliability

- a measure of reliability that assesses the consistency of observations by different observers - naturalist observation - combats observer bias

empirical method

- based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities

skinner

- behaviorist - reinforcement/punishment model - skinner box

positive correlation

- both variables increase

forensic psychology

- branch of psychology that deal questions of psychology as they arise in the justice system

scientific theory

- broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time

hypothesis can be falsifiable

- capable of being shown to be incorrect

skinner box

- chamber where subject from external environment is isolated and has a behavior indicator such as a lever or a button - when animal presses button, positive/negative/token conditioner is used - token conditioner used to associate said conditioner with reinforcement/punishment

rogers

- client-centered therapy (psychotherapy)- patient takes lead role - therapist to display three features: unconditional positive regard, genuineness, empathy

pavlov

- conditioned reflex - classical conditioning

five factor model

- conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion

personality traits

- consistent patterns of thought and behavior - five factor model (variation of personality in people)

multicultural psychology

- culture is often overlooked - white bias applied to all folks - descriptive science (looking for differences in psychological attributes)

operational definition

- description of how we will measure our variables - important in allowing others understand exactly how and what a researcher measures in a particular experiment

clinical psychology

- diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior - counseling psychology (roger's client-centered therapy)

phD

- doctor of philosophy degree -dissertion

control group

- doesn't have experimental manipulation

humanism

- emphasizes potential for good that is innate to all humans -qualitative

Scientific knowledge is ____________.

- empirical - grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing - behavior is observable, mind is not

inductive reasoning

- empirical observations lead to new ideas - empirical observations to construct broad observations - may/may not be correct

Claims

- examine claims from multiple perspectives - decisions based off claims can be potentially dangerous

experimental group

- experimental manipulation ( the variable being tested)

facts vs. opinions in research

- facts are observable realities - opinions are personal judgements, conclusions, attitudes that may/may not be accurate

illusory correlations

- false correlations - occur when people believe that relationships exist between two things when no such relationship exists - confirmation bias

why psychology is good (career-wise)

- famous folks got it - applies a strong level of critical thinking - you understand behavior and diversity in behavior

james

- first american psychologist - functionalism (via darwin's theory of evolution) - more objective than wundt

wundt

- first psychologist - introspection - structuralism

watson

- focused on observable behavior, trying to bring that behavior under control - behaviorism

wertheaimer, koffka, kohler

- gestalt principles

health psychology

- how health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors - biopsychosocial model

biopsychology

- how our biology influences our behavior - sensory/motor systems, sleep etc. - immediate causes of behavior via physiology

social psychology

- how we interact with and relate to others - milgram (obedience and electric shock experiment)

deductive reasoning

- ideas are tested against the empirical world - begins with generalization that is tested onto real-world observations

survey

- lists of questions to be answered by research participants and can be delivered as paper-pencil questionnaires, electronic, verbal - sample (subset of individuals) - population (overall group researchers are interested in) - + collect information from larger group of people - - people can lie

confirmation bias

- looking for evidence to support something "we feel" is right

maslow

- maslow hierarchy of needs - basic survival -> higher level needs (social needs) -> self-actualization - against reductionist experimentation (missed the whole human being)

cross-sectional research

- multiple segments of people at the same time - + shorter time investment - - differences in generations

cognitive psychology

- objectivity + conscious and self-aware being - area of psychology that focuses on studying cognitions and their relation with our experiences and actions

clinical or case studies

- observational research - focus on one/few individuals - + lots of insight from individuals - - unable to generalize behavior

single blind study

- one of the groups (participants) are unaware as to which group they are in (experiment or control group) while the researcher who developed the experiment knows which participants are in each group

personality psychology

- patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique - how personality develops from experience - personality traits, five factor model

experimenter bias

- possibility that a researcher's expectations might skew the results of the study - "solved" by single-blind study and double-blind study

experiment

- precise requirements for design and implementation - specific hypothesis - experimental group, control group - operational definition - experimenter bias - you can't always effect the independent variable - ethical constraints

sport and exercise psychology

- psychological aspects of sport performance, effects of sport on mental and emotional wellbeing

behaviorism

- psychology away from the mind, straight to behavior - approach to observing and controlling behavior - learned behavior and its interaction with inborn qualities of the human - made psychology a scientific discipline

feminist psychology

- psychology developed from male perspective; negative consequences for women and minorities - re-evaluating and discovering contributions of women to the history of psychology - studying psychological gender differences - questioning male bias

classical conditioning

- reflex (unconscious) response to a stimulus and over time, conditioning to produce response to different stimulus that the experimenter assoc. with original stimulus

correlational research

- relationship between two or more variables, but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect (confounding variable) - correlation coefficient (number -1 to +1) r, strength and direction of variables - positive/negative correlation

archival research

- relies on looking at past records or data sets to look for interesting patterns or relationships - + less money and time - - no control over what was collected, no guarantee of consistency

longitudinal research

- research in which date-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time - works with diseases for risk factors - + accounts for generation - - longer time investment, drop of attrition rates

psychoanalytical theory

- role of person's unconscious - early childhood experiences

ology

- scientific study of

psychology

- scientific study of the mind, behavior

sensation and perception

- sensory information

confounding variable

- some other factor that causes a systematic movement in variables of interest (temperature for example)

evolutionary psychology

- studies ultimate biological causes of behavior - charles darwin - hard to determine whether a trait is evolutionary or genetic - poor understanding of conditions for evo behavior

developmental psychology

- study of development over a lifetime - piaget (young children don't experience object permanence)

functionalism

- study the function of behavior in the world - how mental activities help an organism fit into its environment

freud (aka son of a bitch ugly ass mother****ing weirdo thot **** u quizlet for censoring my shit eat my long dick)

- stupid ugly ass - jacked off to hysteria and neurosis cus hes a freak - hysteria btw if yall dont know is just this *******es idea of what unnatural symptoms in women are even though being to systematic abuse doesnt like obvi make you upset. like get ur diag right u stupid ****. u stupid ugly ass btich. stupid ****ing cracker jack - believed in the unconscious mind, the mind of feelings in which we have no awareness - psychoanalytical theory - theories on ideas cannot be falsifiable because you cannot empirically prove the existence of the elements of personality

industrial-organizational psychology

- subfield of psychology - applies psychological theories, principles, research findings in industrial settings

hypothesis

- tentative explanation explanation for phenomena - should fit the context of a scientific theory - testable prediction about how the world will behave if our idea is correct (if-then statement)

structuralism

- understanding the structure or characteristics of the mind

negative correlation

- variables move in different directions

theory

- well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena

naturalistic observation

-observing behavior in natural setting - researchers have to blend in otherwise information will might differ- observer bias - Goodall- behavior in chimps - + validity (accuracy) in information - - difficult to set up and control

scientific method

1. researcher proposes hypothesis 2. researcher observes or carries out an experiment to test hypothesis

A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus (a structure in the brain related to learning and memory) are related to memory formation would be most likely to identify as a(n) ________ psychologist. a. biological b. health c. clinical d. social

a

The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is ________. a. the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting b. how quick and easy these studies are to perform c. the researcher's capacity to make sure that data is collected as efficiently as possible d. the ability to determine cause and effect in this particular approach

a

The operant conditioning chamber (aka ________ box) is a device used to study the principles of operant conditioning. a. Skinner b. Watson c. James d. Koffka

a

postdoctoral training program

allows young scientists to further develop their research programs and broaden their research skills under the supervision of other professionals in the field

Based on your reading, which theorist would have been most likely to agree with this statement: Perceptual phenomena are best understood as a combination of their components. a. William James b. Max Wertheimer c. Carl Rogers d. Noam Chomsky

b

In Milgram's controversial study on obedience, nearly ________ of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure. a. 1/3 b. 2/3 c. 3/4 d. 4/5

b

Scientific knowledge is ________. a. intuitive b. empirical c. permanent d. subjective

b

Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as a(n): ________. a. archival research b. case study c. naturalistic observation d. survey

b

The ________ places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on application of therapeutic skills. a. PhD b. PsyD c. postdoctoral training program d. dissertation

b

________ are defined as observable realities. a. behaviors b. facts c. opinions d. theories

b

________ involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time. a. archival research b. longitudinal research c. naturalistic observation d. cross-sectional research

b

psyche is a greek word meaning ________. a. essence b. soul c. behavior d. love

b

An individual's consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) ________. a. psychosexual stage b. object permanence c. personality d. perception

c

Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of ________. a. deception b. observation c. attrition d. generalization

c

One would need at least a(n) ________ degree to serve as a school psychologist. a. associate's b. bachelor's c. master's d. doctoral

c

The major limitation of case studies is ________. a. the superficial nature of the information collected in this approach b. the lack of control that the researcher has in this approach c. the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population d. the absence of inter-rater reliability

c

________ involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments. a. archival research b. case study c. naturalistic observation d. survey

c

________ is most well-known for proposing his hierarchy of needs. a. Noam Chomsky b. Carl Rogers c. Abraham Maslow d. Sigmund Freud

c

before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ________. a. biology b. chemistry c. philosophy d. physics

c

A major criticism of Freud's early theories involves the fact that his theories ________. a. were too limited in scope b. were too outrageous c. were too broad d. were not testable

d

A researcher interested in what factors make an employee best suited for a given job would most likely identify as a(n) ________ psychologist. a. personality b. clinical c. social d. I-O

d

A(n) ________ is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in paper form. a. archive b. case Study c. naturalistic observation d. survey

d

If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, then s/he would probably need a ________ degree in psychology. a. bachelor of science b. bachelor of art c. master's d. PhD

d

Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and ________ in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems. a. structuralism b. functionalism c. Gestalt d. unconditional positive regard

d

Scientific hypotheses are ________ and falsifiable. a. observable b. original c. provable d. testable

d

Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as ________. a. naturalistic observation b. survey research c. longitudinal research d. archival research

d

Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school? a. PhD b. PsyD c. master's degree d. bachelor's degree

d

in the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n) ________. a. observation b. measurement c. test d. proposed explanation

d

which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be exposed? a. critical thinking b. use of the scientific method c. critical evaluation of sources of information d. all of the above

d