PSYCH 10-12
Authoritarian
Low Warmth/High Control
Uninvolved
Low Warmth/Low Control
Differential Susceptibility
A child that is raised in a negative environment has high behavior issues
Self-Concept
A conceptual system made up of one's thoughts and attitudes about oneself
Identity
A description of the self that is often externally imposed, such as through membership or group
What describes the definition of other-oriented induction?
A father explains to his toddler that by taking a toy from her friend, she has hurt her friends feelings
Personal Fable
A form of adolescent egocentrism that involves beliefs in the uniqueness of one's own feelings and thoughts
Relational Aggression
A kind of aggression the involves excluding others from the social group and attempting to do harm to others relationships
Sociometric Status
A measurement that reflects the degree to which children are liked or disliked by their peers as a group
Sexual Orientation
A person's preference
Attachment
An emotional bond with a specific person that is enduring across space and time
Self-Esteem
An individual's overall subjunctive evaluation of his or her worth and the feelings he or she has about that evaluation
Critical to an infant's growth is the development of a positive emotion connection to a primary caregiver, such as a parent. This enduring emotional bond is known as...
Attachment
Jayden wants to go to a party, her father says no and she asks why. Her father replied with "Because I said so!" Her father is displaying which parenting style?
Authoritarian
Trevor acts aggressive towards his parents which makes them use aggressive punishment, only making hm act out more. This is an example of what concept?
Bidirectionality
Studies have shown that the link between attachment security and genetic makeup...
Can be differentially impacted by the quality of the child's environment
Parental Sensitivity
Caregiving behavior that involves the expression of warmth and continent responsiveness to children
An infant is startled by a loud noise and begins to cry. Her mother calms her by playing with her and speaking soothingly to her. This interaction is an example of..
Co-regulation
Identity Achievement
Commitment and crisis (stable self)
Identity Foreclosure
Commitment and no crisis (Trying out looks)
As children's cognitive abilities increase, their self-concepts shift from focusing on ____ to ___
Concrete to abstract
What is not true of sibling relationships?
Differential treatment by parents affects children most in late adolescence
Emotion Socialization
Direct and indirect influence parents have on their children values, standards, and ways of thinking
The notion that humans have evolved to experience a basic set of emotions through adaptation to their surroundings is central to which theory?
Discrete emotions theory
Co-ruminition
Discussing and self-disclosing emotional problems
What is not one of the 5 key dimensions of temperament, according to Mary Rothbart?
Disgust
3 attachment types were initially identified in research by Ainsworth. Which attachment type was later added to categorize those that did not fit?
Disorganized/Disoriented
______ refer to the social and cultural norms related to emotion expression
Display rules
Internalization
Effective discipline that leads to permanent change in the child's behavior because the child has learned and accepted the desired behavior
________ refers to an individual's ability to understand his or her emotions, as well as the emotions of others
Emotional Intelligence
A decreased reliance on self-comforting behaviors, an increased ability to inhibit motor activity, and an improved ability to distract oneself when distressed are all results of development in _____
Emotional Regulation
Friendships in adolescence tend to be more...
Exclusive
For sexual-minority youth, the process of first recognition is noted by...
Feelings of alienation resulting from the realization that they are different from others
Sam can sit still, but Cal cannot. The two different reactions are the result of...
Goodness of fit
Authoritative Parenting
High Warmth/High Control
Permissive
High Warmth/Low Control
Temperament
Individual differences in emotion, activity level, and attention that are exhibited across contexts and that are present from infancy and thus thought to be genetically based
What are the 2 components of mental health?
Internal well-being and external relationships
Susan Harter argues that a child's sense of self-concept
Is a social construct influenced in large part by the evaluations of others
According to the attachment theory as proposed by Bowlby, what is an example of a child in the attachment-in-the-making phase?
Juan favors his father more than others and tends to laugh and smile more in his presence
Research indicates that friendships change in what significant order as children get older?
Level and importance of the intimacy increases
Rejected (Peer Status)
Liked by few peers and disliked by many peers
According to James Marcia's theory of identity development, which stage is noted by the exploration of identity status?
Moratorium (No commitment/Crisis)
Moratorium
No commitment and crisis (exploring choices)
Identity Diffusion
No commitment and no crisis (No commitment or progress)
What has been found not to influence the positive or negative effects of childcare on a child's development?
Number of siblings
A recent trend in family structure in the US is the increasing ages of first-time parents. What is not true of these older parents compared with younger parents?
Older parents tend to use a harsher parenting style
Sexual Identity
One's sense of oneself as a sexual being
A father who responds quickly the needs of his child and shows emotional warmth is demonstrating..
Parental Sensitivity
What is true of the potential effect of socioeconomic context on child development?
Parents' relationships with supportive relatives and friends can help moderate the impact of economic stress on their children development
Self-concept in adolescence is characterized by a reemergence of a form of egocentrism, exemplified by the individual overly differentiating his or her feelings from those of others. This type of egocentrism is called the...
Personal Fable
Attachment Theory
Posits that children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments to caregivers as a means of increasing their chance of survival
What is not true of friendships in early childhood?
Preschool friends quarrel less with each other than they do with nonfriends
Tom is walking down the street and suddenly encounters a dog that is crouched an growling. Tom begins to sweat, breathe heavy, and his heart rate increases. This reaction is an example of what component of emotion?
Psychological Factors
What is an accurate description of punishment?
Punishments, when mild, provide minimally sufficient pressure for internalization
In both Harlow's work with the rhesus monkeys and Ainsworth's Strange Situation paradigm, researchers observed the baby monkey or child continually return to the mother after exploring an unfamiliar space or situation. This behavior is an example of...
Secure Attachment
How do self-conscious emotions differ from the set of basic emotions discussed in this chapter?
Self-conscious emotions develop after the child has acquired a sense of himself separate from others
______ involves a person's overal subjective evaluation of oneself and the feelings associated with that evaluation.
Self-esteem
The process through which children acquire the values, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate in their culture is known as...
Socialization
Which measure of attachment security pays careful attention to children's reactions to their caregivers after a separation?
Strange Situation
Twin studies conducted have led to which important conclusion regarding temperament?
Temperament is determined more by genes than environment
Social Competence
The ability to achieve personal goals in social interaction while simultaneously maintaining positive relationships with others
What summarizes the findings by Mischel and his colleagues from the marshmallow test?
The ability to exhibit self-control early in life can predict success later in life
What has shown not to influence children's adjustment in stepfamilies?
The age difference between the biological parent and step parent
Equifinality/Multifinality
The concept that various causes can lead to the same mental disorder/ The concept that certain risk factors do not always lead to a mental disorder
Goodness of Fit
The degree to which an individuals temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of his or her social environment
What is not an area in which mothers and fathers tend to differ in interactions with their children?
The effect that their parenting style has on their children's mental health
Based on your understanding of the chapter, how would a 12-month old respond to a novel stimulus in a given situation if his or her parent expressed a positive emotion?
The infant is likely to move closer to the novel stimulus
What is not true of racial and ethnic identity during adolescence?
The more an adolescent identifies with his or her ethnic and racial identity, the lower his or her self-esteem
Family Structure
The number of and relationships among the people living in the household
Social Comparison
The process of comparing, aspects of one's own psychological, behavioral, or physical functioning to that of others in order to evaluate oneself
Internalization is best described as...
The process through which a child learns and accepts a desired behavior as a result of appropriate discipline
What does the term deviancy training refer to?
The process through which antisocial youth reinforce aggressive and deviant tendencies toward one another
Tyler is shy around people but comfortable behind the computer. This is an example of ...
The social-compensation hypothesis
Family Dynamics
The way in which family members interact in various relationships
Recent research has shown what to be true of children of sam-sex parents, compared with children of heterosexual parents?
They are similar in their sexual orientation and degree of gender-typed behavior
Rumination
Thinking about stress events
Secure Base
Trusted caregiver
What is not true of divorce?
Young children tend to react more negatively to their parent's remarriage than young adolescents
emotion regulation
a set of both conscious and unconscious processed used to both monitor and modulate emotional experiences and expressions
display rules
a social groups informal norms about when, where, and how much one should show emotions and when where displays of emotion should be suppressed or masked by displays of other emotions
co-regulation
the process by which a caregiver provides the needed comfort or distraction to help a child reduce his or her distress