PSYCH 10-12

Authoritarian

Low Warmth/High Control

Uninvolved

Low Warmth/Low Control

Differential Susceptibility

A child that is raised in a negative environment has high behavior issues

Self-Concept

A conceptual system made up of one's thoughts and attitudes about oneself

Identity

A description of the self that is often externally imposed, such as through membership or group

What describes the definition of other-oriented induction?

A father explains to his toddler that by taking a toy from her friend, she has hurt her friends feelings

Personal Fable

A form of adolescent egocentrism that involves beliefs in the uniqueness of one's own feelings and thoughts

Relational Aggression

A kind of aggression the involves excluding others from the social group and attempting to do harm to others relationships

Sociometric Status

A measurement that reflects the degree to which children are liked or disliked by their peers as a group

Sexual Orientation

A person's preference

Attachment

An emotional bond with a specific person that is enduring across space and time

Self-Esteem

An individual's overall subjunctive evaluation of his or her worth and the feelings he or she has about that evaluation

Critical to an infant's growth is the development of a positive emotion connection to a primary caregiver, such as a parent. This enduring emotional bond is known as...

Attachment

Jayden wants to go to a party, her father says no and she asks why. Her father replied with "Because I said so!" Her father is displaying which parenting style?

Authoritarian

Trevor acts aggressive towards his parents which makes them use aggressive punishment, only making hm act out more. This is an example of what concept?

Bidirectionality

Studies have shown that the link between attachment security and genetic makeup...

Can be differentially impacted by the quality of the child's environment

Parental Sensitivity

Caregiving behavior that involves the expression of warmth and continent responsiveness to children

An infant is startled by a loud noise and begins to cry. Her mother calms her by playing with her and speaking soothingly to her. This interaction is an example of..

Co-regulation

Identity Achievement

Commitment and crisis (stable self)

Identity Foreclosure

Commitment and no crisis (Trying out looks)

As children's cognitive abilities increase, their self-concepts shift from focusing on ____ to ___

Concrete to abstract

What is not true of sibling relationships?

Differential treatment by parents affects children most in late adolescence

Emotion Socialization

Direct and indirect influence parents have on their children values, standards, and ways of thinking

The notion that humans have evolved to experience a basic set of emotions through adaptation to their surroundings is central to which theory?

Discrete emotions theory

Co-ruminition

Discussing and self-disclosing emotional problems

What is not one of the 5 key dimensions of temperament, according to Mary Rothbart?

Disgust

3 attachment types were initially identified in research by Ainsworth. Which attachment type was later added to categorize those that did not fit?

Disorganized/Disoriented

______ refer to the social and cultural norms related to emotion expression

Display rules

Internalization

Effective discipline that leads to permanent change in the child's behavior because the child has learned and accepted the desired behavior

________ refers to an individual's ability to understand his or her emotions, as well as the emotions of others

Emotional Intelligence

A decreased reliance on self-comforting behaviors, an increased ability to inhibit motor activity, and an improved ability to distract oneself when distressed are all results of development in _____

Emotional Regulation

Friendships in adolescence tend to be more...

Exclusive

For sexual-minority youth, the process of first recognition is noted by...

Feelings of alienation resulting from the realization that they are different from others

Sam can sit still, but Cal cannot. The two different reactions are the result of...

Goodness of fit

Authoritative Parenting

High Warmth/High Control

Permissive

High Warmth/Low Control

Temperament

Individual differences in emotion, activity level, and attention that are exhibited across contexts and that are present from infancy and thus thought to be genetically based

What are the 2 components of mental health?

Internal well-being and external relationships

Susan Harter argues that a child's sense of self-concept

Is a social construct influenced in large part by the evaluations of others

According to the attachment theory as proposed by Bowlby, what is an example of a child in the attachment-in-the-making phase?

Juan favors his father more than others and tends to laugh and smile more in his presence

Research indicates that friendships change in what significant order as children get older?

Level and importance of the intimacy increases

Rejected (Peer Status)

Liked by few peers and disliked by many peers

According to James Marcia's theory of identity development, which stage is noted by the exploration of identity status?

Moratorium (No commitment/Crisis)

Moratorium

No commitment and crisis (exploring choices)

Identity Diffusion

No commitment and no crisis (No commitment or progress)

What has been found not to influence the positive or negative effects of childcare on a child's development?

Number of siblings

A recent trend in family structure in the US is the increasing ages of first-time parents. What is not true of these older parents compared with younger parents?

Older parents tend to use a harsher parenting style

Sexual Identity

One's sense of oneself as a sexual being

A father who responds quickly the needs of his child and shows emotional warmth is demonstrating..

Parental Sensitivity

What is true of the potential effect of socioeconomic context on child development?

Parents' relationships with supportive relatives and friends can help moderate the impact of economic stress on their children development

Self-concept in adolescence is characterized by a reemergence of a form of egocentrism, exemplified by the individual overly differentiating his or her feelings from those of others. This type of egocentrism is called the...

Personal Fable

Attachment Theory

Posits that children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments to caregivers as a means of increasing their chance of survival

What is not true of friendships in early childhood?

Preschool friends quarrel less with each other than they do with nonfriends

Tom is walking down the street and suddenly encounters a dog that is crouched an growling. Tom begins to sweat, breathe heavy, and his heart rate increases. This reaction is an example of what component of emotion?

Psychological Factors

What is an accurate description of punishment?

Punishments, when mild, provide minimally sufficient pressure for internalization

In both Harlow's work with the rhesus monkeys and Ainsworth's Strange Situation paradigm, researchers observed the baby monkey or child continually return to the mother after exploring an unfamiliar space or situation. This behavior is an example of...

Secure Attachment

How do self-conscious emotions differ from the set of basic emotions discussed in this chapter?

Self-conscious emotions develop after the child has acquired a sense of himself separate from others

______ involves a person's overal subjective evaluation of oneself and the feelings associated with that evaluation.

Self-esteem

The process through which children acquire the values, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate in their culture is known as...

Socialization

Which measure of attachment security pays careful attention to children's reactions to their caregivers after a separation?

Strange Situation

Twin studies conducted have led to which important conclusion regarding temperament?

Temperament is determined more by genes than environment

Social Competence

The ability to achieve personal goals in social interaction while simultaneously maintaining positive relationships with others

What summarizes the findings by Mischel and his colleagues from the marshmallow test?

The ability to exhibit self-control early in life can predict success later in life

What has shown not to influence children's adjustment in stepfamilies?

The age difference between the biological parent and step parent

Equifinality/Multifinality

The concept that various causes can lead to the same mental disorder/ The concept that certain risk factors do not always lead to a mental disorder

Goodness of Fit

The degree to which an individuals temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of his or her social environment

What is not an area in which mothers and fathers tend to differ in interactions with their children?

The effect that their parenting style has on their children's mental health

Based on your understanding of the chapter, how would a 12-month old respond to a novel stimulus in a given situation if his or her parent expressed a positive emotion?

The infant is likely to move closer to the novel stimulus

What is not true of racial and ethnic identity during adolescence?

The more an adolescent identifies with his or her ethnic and racial identity, the lower his or her self-esteem

Family Structure

The number of and relationships among the people living in the household

Social Comparison

The process of comparing, aspects of one's own psychological, behavioral, or physical functioning to that of others in order to evaluate oneself

Internalization is best described as...

The process through which a child learns and accepts a desired behavior as a result of appropriate discipline

What does the term deviancy training refer to?

The process through which antisocial youth reinforce aggressive and deviant tendencies toward one another

Tyler is shy around people but comfortable behind the computer. This is an example of ...

The social-compensation hypothesis

Family Dynamics

The way in which family members interact in various relationships

Recent research has shown what to be true of children of sam-sex parents, compared with children of heterosexual parents?

They are similar in their sexual orientation and degree of gender-typed behavior

Rumination

Thinking about stress events

Secure Base

Trusted caregiver

What is not true of divorce?

Young children tend to react more negatively to their parent's remarriage than young adolescents

emotion regulation

a set of both conscious and unconscious processed used to both monitor and modulate emotional experiences and expressions

display rules

a social groups informal norms about when, where, and how much one should show emotions and when where displays of emotion should be suppressed or masked by displays of other emotions

co-regulation

the process by which a caregiver provides the needed comfort or distraction to help a child reduce his or her distress