Psych 101 Chapter 2 Points to Remember/Retrieval Practice

1. yes, 2. no, 3. green

(1) If we flash a red light to the right hemisphere of a person with a split brain, and flash a green light to the left hemisphere, will each observe its own color? (2) Will the person be aware that the colors differ? (3) What will the person verbally report seeing?

Morphine is an agonist; curare is an antagonist.

Curare poisoning paralyzes its victims by blocking ACh receptors involved in muscle movements. Morphine mimics endorphin actions. Which is an agonist, and which is an antagonist?

The sympathetic Nervous System

Electrical stimulation of a cat's amygdala provokes angry reactions. Which autonomic nervous system division is activated by such stimulation?

Both of these communication systems produce chemical molecules that act on the body's receptors to influence our behavior and emotions. The endocrine system, which secretes hormones into the bloodstream, delivers its messages much more slowly than the speedy nervous system, and the effects of the endocrine system's messages tend to linger much longer than those of the nervous system.

How are the nervous and endocrine systems alike, and how do they differ?

Stronger stimuli (the slap) cause more neurons to fire and to fire more frequently than happens with weaker stimuli (the tap).

How does our nervous system allow us to experience the difference between a slap and a tap on the back?

1. cerebellum, 2. thalamus, 3. reticular formation, 4. medulla.

In what brain region would damage be most likely to (1) disrupt your ability to skip rope? (2) disrupt your ability to hear? (3) perhaps leave you in a coma? (4) cut off the very breath and heartbeat of life?

1. b, 2. a, 3. c.

Match the scanning technique with the correct description. 1. fMRI scan 2. PET scan 3. MRI scan a. tracks radioactive glucose to reveal brain activity. b. tracks successive images of brain tissue to show brain function. c. uses magnetic fields and radio waves to show brain anatomy.

1. c, 2. a, 3. b.

Match the type of neuron to its description.Match the type of neuron to its description. Type 1. Motor neurons 2. Sensory neurons 3. Interneurons a. carry incoming messages from sensory receptors to the CNS. b. communicate within the CNS and process information between incoming and outgoing messages. c. carry outgoing messages from the CNS to muscles and glands.

Somatosensory; motor

Our brain's ____________ cortex registers and processes body touch and movement sensations. The ____________ cortex controls our voluntary movements.

Our mental experiences arise from coordinated brain activity.

Point to Remember 1 (mental experiences)

Neurotransmitters

Serotonin, dopamine, and endorphins are all chemical messengers called ______________.

Brainstem

The _____________ is a crossover point where nerves from the left side of the brain are mostly linked to the right side of the body, and vice versa.

1. The right limbs' opposed activities interfere with each other because both are controlled by the same (left) side of your brain. 2. Opposite sides of your brain control your left and right limbs, so the reversed motion causes less interference.

Try moving your right hand in a circular motion, as if cleaning a table. Then start your right foot doing the same motion, synchronized with your hand. Now reverse the right foot's motion, but not the hand's. Finally, try moving the left foot opposite to the right hand. 1. Why is reversing the right foot's motion so hard? 2. Why is it easier to move the left foot opposite to the right hand?

(1) The amygdala is involved in aggression and fear responses. (2) The hypothalamus is involved in bodily maintenance, pleasurable rewards, and control of the hormonal systems. (3) The hippo-campus processes memory of facts and events.

What are the three key structures of the limbic system, and what functions do they serve?

Responding to this challenge, your ANS sympathetic division will arouse you. It accelerates your heartbeat, raises your blood pressure and blood sugar, slows your digestion, and cools you with perspiration. After you give the speech, your ANS parasympathetic division will reverse these effects.

What bodily changes does your ANS direct before and after you give an important speech?

They share a focus on the links between the brain and behavior. Phrenology faded because it had no scientific basis—skull bumps don't reveal mental traits and abilities.

What do phrenology and biological psychology have in common?

Neurons send neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) across this tiny space between one neuron's terminal branch and the next neuron's dendrite or cell body.

What happens in the synaptic gap?

Reuptake occurs when excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron. Neurotransmitters can also drift away or be broken down by enzymes.

What is reuptake? What two other things can happen to excess neurotransmitters after a neuron reacts?

dendrites, cell body, axon.

When a neuron fires an action potential, the information travels through the axon, the dendrites, and the cell body, but not in that order. Place these three structures in the correct order.

The Brainstem; The Cerebral Cortex

Which area of the human brain is most similar to that of less complex animals? Which part of the human brain distinguishes us most from less complex animals?

Association areas are involved in higher mental functions—interpreting, integrating, and acting on information processed in other areas.

Why are association areas important?

Responding to signals from the hypothalamus, the pituitary releases hormones that trigger other endocrine glands to secrete hormones, which in turn influence brain and behavior.

Why is the pituitary gland called the "master gland"?