Psych 101 Chapter 8 retrieval practice

What are 2 basic functions of working memory

1) active processing of incoming visual and auditory information 2) focusing our spotlight of attention

What are three ways we forget, and how does each of these happen?

1) encoding failure: unattended information never entered our memory system 2) storage decay: information fades from our memory 3) retrieval failure: we cannot access stored information accurately, sometime due to interference of motivated forgetting

You will experience less _____ (proactive/retroactive) interference if you learn new material in the hour before sleep than you will if you learning it before turning to another subject

Retroactive

At which of Atkinson-Shiffrin's three memory stages would iconic and echoic memory occur?

Sensory Memory

When forgetting is due to encoding failure, information has not been transferred from

Short-term memory into long-term memory

We may recognize a face at a social gathering but be unable to remember how we know that person. This is an example of _____ _____

Source amnesia

Which parts of the brain are important for implicit memory processing, and which parts play a key role in explicit memory processing?

The cerebellum and basal ganglia are important for implicit memory processing and the front lobes and hippocampus are key to explicit memory formation

When tested immediately after viewing a list of words, people tend to recall the first and last item more readily than those in the middle. When retested after a delay, they are most likely to recall

The first items on the list

Children can be eyewitnesses if

A neutral person asks non-leading questions soon after the event

Long-term potential (LTP) refers to

An increase in a cell's firing potential

One reason false memories form is our tendency to fill in memory gaps with our reasonable guesses, assumptions, sometimes base on misleading information. This tendency is an example of

The misinformation effect

Sensory memory may be (_____ memory) or auditory (_____ memory)

Iconic : Echoic

If you want to be sure to remember what you're learning for an upcoming test, would it be better to use recall or recognition to check your memory? Why?

Recall because recalling information is harder tan recognizing it. So if you can recall it, that means your retention of the material is better than if you could only recognize it

Multiple-choice questions test our _____. Fill-in-the-blank questions test our _____.

Recognition : Recall

Freud believed that we _____ unacceptable memories to minimize anxiety

repress

Freud proposed that painful or unacceptable memories are blocked from consciousness through a mechanism called _____

repression

Specific odors, visual images, emotions, or other associations that help us access a memory are examples of _____ _____

retrieval cues

The hour before sleep is a good time to memorize information, because going to sleep after learning new material minimizes _____ interference

retroactive

When we are tested immediately after viewing a list of words, we tend to recall the first and last items best, which is known as the _____ _____ effect

serial position

Our short-term memory for new information is limited to about _____ items

seven

What is the difference between automatic and effortful processing. Examples?

Automatic processing occurs unconsciously (automatically) for such things as the sequence and frequency of a day's events, and reading, and comprehending words in our own languages. Effortful processing requires attention and awareness and happens, for example, when we work hard to learn new material in class, or new lines in a play

If you try to make the material you are learning personally meaningful, are you processing at a shallow or a deep level? which level leads to greater retention

Deep level learning because you are processing semantically- leads to greater retention

When a situation triggers the feeling that "I've been here before." You're experiencing

Deja Vu

The psychological terms for taking information, retaining is, and later getting it back out are _____, _____, and _____

Encoding : storage : retrieval

Imagine being a jury member in a trial for a parent accused of sexual abuse base on a recovered memory. What insights from memory research should you offer the jury?

It will be important to remember the key points agreed upon by most researchers and professional associations; sexual abuse, injustice, forgetting, and memory construction all happen; recovered memories are common; memories from or first 4 years are unreliable; memories claimed to be recovered though hypnosis are especially unreliable; and memories, whether real or false, can be emotionally upsetting

Increased efficiency at the synapsis is evidence of the neural basis of learning and memory. This is called _____-_____ _____

Long-term potentiation

Memory aids that use visual imagery or other organizational devices (such as acronyms) are called _____.

Mnemonics

What - given the commonness of source amnesia- might life be like if we remembered all our waking experiences and all our dreams?

Real experiences would be confued with those dreamed. When seeing someone we know, we might therefore be unsure whether we were reacting to something they previously did or to something we dreamed they did

A psychologist who asks you to write down as many objects as you can remember having seen a few minutes earlier is testing your

Recall

Which memory stages can help you study smarter and retain more information?

Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking about the material to boost long-term recall. Schedule spaced study times. Make the material personally meaningful, with well-organized and vivid associations. Refresh your memory by returning to contexts and moods that activate retrieval cues. Use mnemonic devices. Minimize interference. Plan for a complete nights sleep. Test yourself repeatedly

Which strategies are better for long-term retention: cramming and rereading material, or spreading out learning over time and repeatedly testing yourself?

Spread out learning and repeat testing

The hippocampus seems to function as a

Temporary processing site for explicit memories

What is priming?

The activation (often without our awareness) of association. Seeing a gun for ex. might temporarily predispose someone to interpret an ambiguous face as threatening or to recall a boss as nasty

Which brain area responds to stress hormones by helping create stronger memories?

The amygdala

How does working memory concept update the classic Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage information-processing model?

The newer idea of a working memory emphasizes the active processing that we now know takes place in Atkinson-Shiffrin's short term memory stage. While the Atkinson-Shiffrin model viewed short-term memory as a temporary holding space, working memory plays a key role in processing new information and connecting it to previously stored information

10) Psychologists involved in the study of memories of abuse tend to disagree with each other about which of the following statements a) Memories of events that happened before age 4 are not reliable b) we tend to repress extremely upsetting memories c) Memories can be emotionally upsetting d) sexual abuse happens

b) we tend to repress extremely upsetting memories

The concept of working memory

clarifies the idea of short-term memory by focusing on the active processing that occurs in this stage

Hippocampus damage typically leaves people unable to learn new facts or recall recent events. However they may be able to learn new skills, such as riding a bike with is an _____ (explicit/implicit) memory.

implicit

Ebbinghaus' "forgetting curve" shows that after an initial decline, memory for novel information tends to

level out

When you feel sad, why might it help to look at pictures that reawaken some of your best memories?

memories are stored within a web of many associations, one of which is mood. When you recall happy moments from your past, you activate those positive links. You may then experience mood-congruent memory and recall other happy moments, which could improve your mood and brighten your interpretation of current events