Psych 101 Chapters 5&6

Quincy had a terrifying experience. This memory is likely stored in the ____>

Amygdala

What are the four elements of observational learning?

Attention, Memory, Imitation, Motivation

A research study found that people who look at real visual images, and then are asked to simply imagine are _____. A. often unable to remember any of the images B. often unable to later distinguish b/w the images they had really seen and the imagined ones C. often able to remember only some of the images

B

Doretha eats all of her dinner knowing that afterward she will get a bowl of ice cream. Doretha's behavior is best explained by what type of learning? A. Social Learning B. Operant Conditioning C. Classical Conditioning D. Insight Learning

B. Operant Conditioning

____ is when only some responses are reinforced

partial

According to the semantic network model of memory, to which of the following statements might an individual correctly respond "true" or "false" in the LEAST amount of time? A. An orange is a food B. An orange is a fruit C. An orange is orange

C. and orange is orange

A ____ ____ is like a paycheck for x amount of time

Fixed Interval

Partial Schedules linked to intervals deal with ____ and ____ and are linked to ____.

Fixed Intervals, Variable Intervals, Time

A ____ ____ is based off of numbers, ex. sell 10 cars, get $$.

Fixed Ratio

Partial Schedules linked to ratios deal with ____ and ____ and are linked to ____.

Fixed Ratios, Variable Ratios, Numbers

According to Bandura, to learn anything through observation, the learner must first ____.

Pay attention

____ _____ is the addition of something pleasurable

Positive Reinforcement

Remembering the beginning of something is the ____ ____.

Primacy Effect

Carl is able to remember the names of the first three presidents before he begins to have difficulty. This is the ____ _____.

Primacy effect

Basic needs like food, water, and sleep are all _____ reinforcers

Primary

The behavior of infants and animals can be easily reinforced using ____.

Primary Reinforcers

A student in a fourth-grade class keeps talking out of turn, no matter how many times the teacher tells her to stop. Finally, the teacher sends her to the principal's office. This is a form of ____.

Punishment

____ decreases likelihood of a response being repeated.

Punishment

Anna's mother scolds her for lying, Anna's mother is using ____.

Punishment by application

____ is to "pull" from memory

Recall

Remembering the end of something is the ____ ____.

Recency Effect.

____ is the ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact. Ex. multiple choice test

Recognition

_____ increases likelihood of response being repeated.

Reinforcement

Skinner believed that learning depended on what happened after the _____.

Response

Stimulus leads to ____.

Response

____ is searching

Retrieval

____ ____ is a stimulus for remembering

Retrieval Cue

Ruth was in a car accident that resulted in a head injury. She cannot remember the events that occurred several hours prior to the accident. Ruth is experiencing _____.

Retrograde Amnesia

extra money, an Oscar, and a gold star are all examples of ____ reinforcers

Secondary

Your mother tells you, "You could be in a room filled with noise, but you always hear what you want to hear." This statement best reflects which of the following concepts related to STM?

Selective Attention

General knowledge like presidents, capitals, etc are ____.

Semantic

Kanye knew who the "Father of Psychology was" This information Kanye was able to recall reflects which type of LTM?

Semantic

Your ____ _____ can retain a lot, and it is very brief

Sensory Memory

The three types of memory are _____, ____, and ____.

Sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory

Remembering the beginning and end, forgetting the middle is the ____ ____ ____.

Serial Position Effect

The central idea of toilet training a cat is breaking down the process into a series of small stages. This is an example of ____.

Shaping

_____ uses reinforcements to shape behavior.

Shaping

Chris learns her vocabulary words while listening to upbeat, happy music, and is better able to remember them later if she is happy. This is called _____.

State-Dependent Learning

____-____ ___ is the state you're in when making a memory. It is also remembered.

State-Dependent Learning

_____ is transferring

Storage

Small steps in behavior that are reinforced, one after the other, to create a particular goal behavior are known as ____ ____.

Successive Approximation

____ is perceiving, recognizing, and processing

encoding

Most of the time, punishment will only ____ suppress behavior

temporarily

George Miller's paper says the magical #____, plus of minus ___.

7,2

An unlearned, involuntary response, such as salivating when presented with food, is ____.

A reflex

Severe punishments, such as hitting, provide a successful model for _____.

Aggression

Which of the following is a feature of the storage stage of memory? A. holding information just long enough to work with it. B. bringing information housed in LTM to mind C. Converting sound into vibrations

A. Holding information just long enough to work with it

In most employment situations, people are paid ____. A. On a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement B. On a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement C. As continuous reinforcement

A. fixed interval

Which is an example of a recognition task? A. filling out a job application B. a word-search puzzle C. an essay question

B. a word-search puzzle

For each day of the week that Tanya is good, she earns a fake dollar from her teacher. BY the end of the week, Tanya has the option of using her dollars to buy something from the school store or saving them to buy something at a later time. The issue of fake dollars in response to good behavior is an example of ____.

Behavior Modification

An example of a conditioned taste aversion is when ____. A. rats go through the maze more quickly when reinforced with food B. dogs jump out of a pen to escape electrical shock c. coyotes ate sheep laced with lithium chloride, got extremely sick that time, then stopped eating sheep meat

C

Conditioned Emotional Responses, Phobias, Taste Aversions, and Biological Preparedness all are linked to ____ ____.

Classical Conditioning

Pavlov is linked to which kind of learning

Classical Conditioning

The tendency to connect events that occur together in time and space is ____ ____.

Classical Conditioning

The three types of learning are ____, ____, and ____.

Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, Observational Learning

The mental events that take place inside a person's mind while behaving are known as ____.

Cognition

Seligman's Dogs, Implications, and Learning Helplnessness is linked to ____ ____.

Cognitive Learning

When a previously neutral stimulus, through repeated pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, begins to cause the same kind of reflexive response, the neutral stimulus has become ____.

Conditioned Stimulus

The heart of Operant conditioning is the effect of ____ on behavior.

Consequences

The two types of Reinforcement Schedules are ____ and ____.

Continuous and Partial

What are the basic principals of classical conditioning?

Extinction, Stimulus Generalization, Stimulus Discrimination, Spontaneous Recovery

What are the two types of Long Term Memory?

Declarative and Non-Declarative

The capacity of the STM is the ____ ____.

Digit Span (one measure)

Early Operant Conditioning is linked to __ ______, and his studies are linked to the ____ __ _____.

E.L. Thorndike, Law of Effect

Your ____ memory deals with auditory stimuli

Echoic

____ ____ gets information into the long term memory

Elaborative Rehearsal

____ ____ is when you're making a memory. Everything is remembered at the same time.

Encoding Specificity

____ is the tendency for memory of any kind of information to be improved if the physical surroundings available when the memory is first formed are also available when the memory is being retrieved.

Encoding Specificity

What are the three basic properties of memory?

Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval

____ are episodes in your life (21st birthday, childhood, graduation)

Episodic

What are the two types of Declarative LTM?

Episodic and Semantic

In John Watson's experiment with "Little Albert," he demonstrated that ____.

Human emotional responses could be conditioned

Your ____ memory is visual

Iconic

Eduardo is watching people walk down the street, and all of a sudden, he thinks "was that man wearing a bright purple suit?" As a result of this thought, he looks back at the man to see if it is true. What type of memory is responsible for Eduardo's behavior?

Iconic Sensory

In Broadbent's filter theory, only a stimulus that is ____ enough will be passed on to be analyzed for meaning in STM.

Important

Research suggests that once people learn something ____.

It is always present somewhere in memory

____ is more resistant to extinction than ____.

Partial Reinforcement; Continuous Reinforcement

Ebbinghaus found that forgetting is greatest ______.

Just after learning

After sge gad used "maintenance rehearsal" many times, Eve's social security number found its way into her ______.

LTM

____ is a change in behavior from experience.

Learning

____ memory is like a giant filing system in which the "files" are individual bits and pieces of memories stored in a highly organized and interconnected fashion.

Long Term

___ ___ ___ can hold lots of information and can be kept permanently(more or less)

Long Term Memory

____ is Retaining, Retrieving, and Using information that is no longer present.

Memory

____ ____ is the removal, escape, avoidance of something unpleasant

Negative Reinforcement

Skills and habits like how to tie a shoe or ride a bike are examples of ___-____ ltm

Non-Declarative

Learning/Performance Distinction is linked to ____ ____.

Observational Learning

This type of learning is to associate response with its consequence

Operant Conditioning

The ____ is derived from work in the development of artificial intelligence.

Parallel distributed processing model

_____ means unlearned.

Unconditioned

A ____ ____ is like a pop quiz (not fixed)

Variable Interval

A ____ ____ is like a slot machine

Variable Ratio

In operant conditioning, responses are ____ whereas in classical conditioning, responses are ____.

Voluntary; involuntary

____ is when every response is reinforced

continuous

Kevin was in a study room during which he was shown a photo of a man with straight hair. Later, he was asked if he noticed the man's curly hair. Kevin was then convinced that the man in the photo had curly hair. This is an example of the ____ ____.

misinformation effect

Echoic Memory lasts about 2-4 ____ ____ than iconic memory

seconds longer