PSYCH 101- Exam 2 WVU

Perception

-The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli carried out by the sense organ and brain -Psychological response -Brain

Rods

-Thin, cylindrical receptor cells in the retina that are highly sensitive to light -black&white -dimly lit situation

Examples of a sense receptor

-Touch, pressure, pain, light, sound, position in space, and vibration

Adaptation

-an adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli -important for survival

Stimulus

-any passing source of physical energy that produces a response in a sense organ -vary in both type and intensity

Functions of sleep

-contributes to physical and brain development in children -improves performance -consolidate memories ~strengthen learning

Linear perspective

-convergence of parallel lines -depth cue

Amplitude

-decibles -distinguish between loud and soft sounds

What are the major effects of Depressants?

-decrease nervous system activity -reduce feelings of tension and anxiety -produce a state of relaxed euphoria -slow down vital life processes to point of death

Lens

-directly behind the pupil -acts to bend the rays of light so they are properly focused on the rear of the eye (retina)

Frequency theory of hearing

-explains sensing low-frequency -entire basilar membrane acts like a microphone, vibrating as a whole in response to a sound

Place theory of hearing

-explains theory of high-frequency sounds -different areas of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies

Amphetamine

-extremely agitated -little appetite -little interest in sex

Umami

-fifth flavor -meaty or savory foods

Middle ear

-hammer, anvil, stirrup -time chamber that amplifies sound

Stage 3 (NREM)

-higher peaks, lower valleys of waves -Delta first waves

Major effects of Stimulants

-increase neural firing and arouse nervous system -increase dopamine and norepinephrine activity

Psychoactive drugs

-induce altered state of consciousness -affects a person's emotions, perception, behavior

Cones

-light sensitive receptor cells in the retina that are responsible for sharp focus and color perception -brightly lit situation

Frequency

-number of eave cycles that occur in a second -pitch -low: 20 high:20,000

Survival

-permit one to reconsider and reprocess during sleep -information that is critical for daily survival

Addictive drugs

-produce dependence (biological and psychological) -withdrawal leads to craving for a drug

Major effects of Hallucinogens

-produce hallucinations or changes in the perceptual process -blur boundaries between reality and make-believe

The size of the ____ depends on the amount of ____ in the environment.

-pupil -light

Opponent-process theory of color vision

-receptor cells are linked in pairs, working in opposition to each other -Hering -blue-yellow, red-green, black-white

Olfactory cells

-receptor neurons of the nose -connects amygdala -directly connected to olfactory bulb

Stage 4 (NREM)

-slower and more regular, least responsive to outside stimulation -Delta waves -night terrors -elevated heart rate

Stage 2 (NREM)

-slower, more regular wave pattern -sleep spindles -muscles relaxed, breathing and heart rate slower, difficult to wake up

Major effects of Narcotics?

-stimulate receptors normally activated by endorphins -induces euphoria by increasing dopamine activity (reward center) -produce numbing effect

Sensation

-the activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy -Physical Response -Peripheral nervous system

Trichromatic theory of color vision

-three kinds of cones in retina -does not explain after images -blue-violet, green, yellow-red

Cochlea

-transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses -location of receptor cells -fills w/ fluid

The absolute threshold is the stimulus intensity that is detected __% of the time

50

__% of americans suffer from sleep disturbances.

75

Circadian rhythm

A cycle, such as waking and sleeping, that repeats about once a day.

Basilar membrane

A structure that runs the length of the cochlea in the inner ear and holds the auditory receptors, called hair cells

Eardrum

A thin membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves, transmitting the waves to the middle and inner ears

Pheromones

Chemicals that nonhumans secrete into the environment that produce a reaction in other members of the same species, permitting the transmission of messages (sexual avaliability

Which drugs activate the reward pathway?

Cocaine, heroin, marijuana

Pupil

a dark hold in the center of the iris

Optic chiasm

a point roughly between the two eyes where each optic nerve then splits

Hallucinogens

cannabis, MDMA, LSD

Gate-control theory of pain

certain nerve receptors in the spinal cord "open gates" to specific areas of the brain related to pain

Motion parallax

change object based on retinal movement perception of motion nearby=faster, farther=slower

Stage 1 (NREM)

characterized by rapid, low-amp brain waves -Theta waves

Insomnia

chronic difficulties falling asleep, staying asleep, or experiencing restful sleep

The 4 gestalt principles

closure, proximity, similarity, and simplicity

Semicircular canals

contains fluid that sloshes through the tube-like structures when the head moves, touching motion sensors and signals rotational or angular movement to the brain

Top-down processing is illustrated by the importance of ____ in determining how we perceive objects.

context

Retina

converts electromagnetic energy of light to electrical impulses for transmission of the brain.

Proximity

elements near each other are likely to be perceived as part as the same configuration

Nontasters

less sensitive to taste

Theta waves

light sleep

Examples of feature analysis

lines, direction, and movement

Closer to the cochlea:

low frequency

Give examples of different methods for managing pain

medication, nerve and brain stimulation, light therapy, hypnosis, biofeedback, surgery, cognitive restructuring

The drug ____ has become increasingly popular and addictive drug among people of all types; it's relatively in expensive to make, even from nonprescription cold pills

methamphetamine

Extrasensory perception (ESP)

refers to perception that does not involve our known senses

Subliminal perception

refers to the perception of messages about which we have no awareness

Weber's law

states that just a noticeable difference is a constant proportion to the intensity of an initial stimulus (rather than a constant amount)

Psychophysics

study of the relationship between the physical aspects of stimuli and our psychological experience of them

Sound

the movement of air molecules brought about a source of vibration

REM periods

rapid-eye movement, high arousal, frequent dreaming, muscle paralysis

Sense Receptor

-Specialized nerve cell that is designed to respond to a specific sensory stimulus

Bottom-up processing

-Basic features are analyzed and recombined -"construction" starting at base with no expectations -retina then proceeds to brain

Multimodal Perception

-Brain collects the information from individual systems and integrate and coordinates it -survival relies on this

SIDS

(Sleep apnea) breathing is repeatedly stopped and restarted during sleep

Difference threshold

-"Just noticeable difference" -the smallest level ADDED or REDUCED stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred

What is concentrated in the fovea?

Cones

Narcotics affect which neurotransmitters?

Dopamine

Which neurotransmitters are most commonly affected by drugs?

Dopamine Serotonin Glutamate GABA

Which neurotransmitters are affected by Stimulants? How?

Dopamine & Norepinephrine -increase amount released and blocks uptake -increase sympathetic nervous system activity

MDMA

Ecstasy

Depressants affect which neurotransmitters? How?

GABA; slow down neural activity Glutamate; excitatory neurotransmitter (gets slowed down)

What responds to four basic stimulus qualities: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter.

Gustation

What causes the sound waves to be converted into neural activity?

Hair cells

Who won the nobel prize for feature detection?

Hubel & Wiesel

Vision starts with ____, the physical energy that stimulates the eye.

Light

What is the most common method for managing pain?

Medication

How does caffeine affect sleep?

More restless sleep, less deep sleep increased frequency of REM, but shorter harder to fall asleep

What is the only sensory system who's major pathway makes it to cerebral cortex without passing through the thalamus?

Olfactory cells

Synthesia

One sense induces an experience in another sense

What allows us to recognize familiar stimuli under varying conditions?

Perceptual Constancy

The ultimate processing of visual images takes place in the ____ ____ ____ of the brain. (occipital lobe)

Primary Visual Cortex

Two kinds of light-sensitive receptor cells in the retina:

Rods & Cones

How messages get from the eye to the brain:

Rods&Cones -> bipolar cells -> ganglion cells-> optic nerve-> primary vision cortex

Weber's law hold for every type of ____ ____.

Sensory stimuli ~vision, sound, taste, etc.

Sleepwalking

Stage 4 of slow-wave sleep

What two stages of NREM sleep are associated with sleep walking?

Stages 3 & 4

Drug

Substance that alters consciousness

____ ____ ____ can lead to slower reaction times, lower academic performance, and an inability to concentrate.

Temporary sleep deprivation

Inner ear

The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

Two theories of color vision:

Trichromatic theory of color vision and Opponent-process theory of color vision

Blind spot

When the nerve leaves the retina

Fovea

Where the cones are concentrated

Theories about dreaming:

Wish fulfillment, survival, and activation-synthesis

Substance P

a chemical released that transmits pain messages to the brain that comes from damaged cells

Cornea

a transparent film over the eye that bends light as it passes through, playing a primary role in focusing the light more sharply. ~refracts light

LSD

acid

Depressants

alcohol, barbiturates, Rohypnol

Wish fulfillment

amygdala is active during REM sleep

Beta waves

awake

Noise

background stimulation that interferes with the perception of other stimuli

How do drugs affect the nervous system?

blocks the release of neurotransmitter blocks receptor of neurotransmitter enhances release of neurotransmitter blocks removal of neurotransmitter mimics neurotransmitter

Activation-synthesis

brain makes 'sense' out of random neural activity

Otoliths

crystals that sense forward, backward, or up & down motion, as well as the pull of gravity

Harmful effects of extending sleep deprivation are most evident on ____ ____ and ____.

current feelings and performance

REM rebounds follow REM ____.

deprevation

Outer ear

detect direction of sound

Cocaine appears to produce its pleasurable effects by acting on the brain's level of ____.

dopamine

REM sleep is associated with which feature of sleep?

dreaming

Gestalt principles

elements are organized and perceived as wholes based on our experience in an environment

Narcolepsy

extreme daytime sleepiness and sudden, uncontrollable sleep attack that last from less than a minute to a hour

Bottom-up processing is closest to the ____ ____ theory of perception.

feature analysis

Perception depends on ____ ____.

feature detection

Night terrors

frightening dreams that arouse the sleeper to a near-panic state

Narcotics

heroin, morphine, opiates

Closer to oval:

high frequency

When does the REM sleep cycle occur?

in the hour or two before awakening

REM rebound/recovery

lengthening and increase in frequency and density of REM periods

Consciousness

moment-to-moment awareness of ourselves and our environment

Supertasters

more sensitive to taste

Name the four monocular cues:

motion parallax, linear perspective, relative size, and texture gradient

The reward pathway is ____ ____ by positive reinforcement

naturally activated

How does the gate-control theory explain acupuncture?

needs close gate to pained area allowing small pain to other areas

Stimulants

nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, Adderall

Does ESP exist?

no; there's no sound documentation of it

Zulu vs. Westerner perspectives

not used to monocular depth cues in 2-D drawings

Monocular cues

one eye is required to provide depth perception -important to artists; light and shadow

Images originate from ____ ____ of the brain.

opposite sides

Top-down processing

perception influenced by knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations -whole from start

Size constancy

perception that size objects remains constant even though images on our retina change in size with variations and distance

Visual illusions

physical stimuli that produce errors in perception

If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in ____.

pitch

Feature Analysis

processing of individual elements of an object

Just noticeable difference is a constant _____.

proportion

Alpha waves

relaxed

Binocular disparity

require 2 eyes to receive different retinal images then images go to the brain where they are compared.

Olfaction

sense of smell

Gustation

sense of taste

Skin senses

senses of touch, pain, pressure, and temperature

How does alcohol affect sleep?

short REM series fall asleep quickly, but second half is more awakeness

What happens if you don't get enough sleep?

sleep deprivation; decreased alertness

Closure

tend to close open figures or gaps

Shape constancy

the ability to recognize objects from many different angles

Depth perception

the ability to view the world in three dimensions and to perceive distance

Feature detection

the activation of neurons in the cortex by visual stimuli of specific shapes or patterns

Ground

the background image

Iris

the colored part to the eye

Texture gradient

the farther away you are, details become less clear

Figure

the image in front "What you see"

Perceptual constancy

the objects maintain size, shape, and color despite the changes in retinal image ex. shape and size constancy

Absolute threshold

the smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for the stimulus to be detected

Biofeedback

trains the individual to control heart beat and respiration

Sleep-changing patters of brain wave activity help define ____ ____ of sleep.

various stages

Reward pathway

ventral tegmental area (VTA)-nucleus accumbens- prefrontal cortex

Similarity

when parts of the configuration are perceived as similar they will be perceived as being together

Priming

written word sound smell