PSYCH 101- Exam 2 WVU
Perception
-The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli carried out by the sense organ and brain -Psychological response -Brain
Rods
-Thin, cylindrical receptor cells in the retina that are highly sensitive to light -black&white -dimly lit situation
Examples of a sense receptor
-Touch, pressure, pain, light, sound, position in space, and vibration
Adaptation
-an adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli -important for survival
Stimulus
-any passing source of physical energy that produces a response in a sense organ -vary in both type and intensity
Functions of sleep
-contributes to physical and brain development in children -improves performance -consolidate memories ~strengthen learning
Linear perspective
-convergence of parallel lines -depth cue
Amplitude
-decibles -distinguish between loud and soft sounds
What are the major effects of Depressants?
-decrease nervous system activity -reduce feelings of tension and anxiety -produce a state of relaxed euphoria -slow down vital life processes to point of death
Lens
-directly behind the pupil -acts to bend the rays of light so they are properly focused on the rear of the eye (retina)
Frequency theory of hearing
-explains sensing low-frequency -entire basilar membrane acts like a microphone, vibrating as a whole in response to a sound
Place theory of hearing
-explains theory of high-frequency sounds -different areas of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies
Amphetamine
-extremely agitated -little appetite -little interest in sex
Umami
-fifth flavor -meaty or savory foods
Middle ear
-hammer, anvil, stirrup -time chamber that amplifies sound
Stage 3 (NREM)
-higher peaks, lower valleys of waves -Delta first waves
Major effects of Stimulants
-increase neural firing and arouse nervous system -increase dopamine and norepinephrine activity
Psychoactive drugs
-induce altered state of consciousness -affects a person's emotions, perception, behavior
Cones
-light sensitive receptor cells in the retina that are responsible for sharp focus and color perception -brightly lit situation
Frequency
-number of eave cycles that occur in a second -pitch -low: 20 high:20,000
Survival
-permit one to reconsider and reprocess during sleep -information that is critical for daily survival
Addictive drugs
-produce dependence (biological and psychological) -withdrawal leads to craving for a drug
Major effects of Hallucinogens
-produce hallucinations or changes in the perceptual process -blur boundaries between reality and make-believe
The size of the ____ depends on the amount of ____ in the environment.
-pupil -light
Opponent-process theory of color vision
-receptor cells are linked in pairs, working in opposition to each other -Hering -blue-yellow, red-green, black-white
Olfactory cells
-receptor neurons of the nose -connects amygdala -directly connected to olfactory bulb
Stage 4 (NREM)
-slower and more regular, least responsive to outside stimulation -Delta waves -night terrors -elevated heart rate
Stage 2 (NREM)
-slower, more regular wave pattern -sleep spindles -muscles relaxed, breathing and heart rate slower, difficult to wake up
Major effects of Narcotics?
-stimulate receptors normally activated by endorphins -induces euphoria by increasing dopamine activity (reward center) -produce numbing effect
Sensation
-the activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy -Physical Response -Peripheral nervous system
Trichromatic theory of color vision
-three kinds of cones in retina -does not explain after images -blue-violet, green, yellow-red
Cochlea
-transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses -location of receptor cells -fills w/ fluid
The absolute threshold is the stimulus intensity that is detected __% of the time
50
__% of americans suffer from sleep disturbances.
75
Circadian rhythm
A cycle, such as waking and sleeping, that repeats about once a day.
Basilar membrane
A structure that runs the length of the cochlea in the inner ear and holds the auditory receptors, called hair cells
Eardrum
A thin membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves, transmitting the waves to the middle and inner ears
Pheromones
Chemicals that nonhumans secrete into the environment that produce a reaction in other members of the same species, permitting the transmission of messages (sexual avaliability
Which drugs activate the reward pathway?
Cocaine, heroin, marijuana
Pupil
a dark hold in the center of the iris
Optic chiasm
a point roughly between the two eyes where each optic nerve then splits
Hallucinogens
cannabis, MDMA, LSD
Gate-control theory of pain
certain nerve receptors in the spinal cord "open gates" to specific areas of the brain related to pain
Motion parallax
change object based on retinal movement perception of motion nearby=faster, farther=slower
Stage 1 (NREM)
characterized by rapid, low-amp brain waves -Theta waves
Insomnia
chronic difficulties falling asleep, staying asleep, or experiencing restful sleep
The 4 gestalt principles
closure, proximity, similarity, and simplicity
Semicircular canals
contains fluid that sloshes through the tube-like structures when the head moves, touching motion sensors and signals rotational or angular movement to the brain
Top-down processing is illustrated by the importance of ____ in determining how we perceive objects.
context
Retina
converts electromagnetic energy of light to electrical impulses for transmission of the brain.
Proximity
elements near each other are likely to be perceived as part as the same configuration
Nontasters
less sensitive to taste
Theta waves
light sleep
Examples of feature analysis
lines, direction, and movement
Closer to the cochlea:
low frequency
Give examples of different methods for managing pain
medication, nerve and brain stimulation, light therapy, hypnosis, biofeedback, surgery, cognitive restructuring
The drug ____ has become increasingly popular and addictive drug among people of all types; it's relatively in expensive to make, even from nonprescription cold pills
methamphetamine
Extrasensory perception (ESP)
refers to perception that does not involve our known senses
Subliminal perception
refers to the perception of messages about which we have no awareness
Weber's law
states that just a noticeable difference is a constant proportion to the intensity of an initial stimulus (rather than a constant amount)
Psychophysics
study of the relationship between the physical aspects of stimuli and our psychological experience of them
Sound
the movement of air molecules brought about a source of vibration
REM periods
rapid-eye movement, high arousal, frequent dreaming, muscle paralysis
Sense Receptor
-Specialized nerve cell that is designed to respond to a specific sensory stimulus
Bottom-up processing
-Basic features are analyzed and recombined -"construction" starting at base with no expectations -retina then proceeds to brain
Multimodal Perception
-Brain collects the information from individual systems and integrate and coordinates it -survival relies on this
SIDS
(Sleep apnea) breathing is repeatedly stopped and restarted during sleep
Difference threshold
-"Just noticeable difference" -the smallest level ADDED or REDUCED stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred
What is concentrated in the fovea?
Cones
Narcotics affect which neurotransmitters?
Dopamine
Which neurotransmitters are most commonly affected by drugs?
Dopamine Serotonin Glutamate GABA
Which neurotransmitters are affected by Stimulants? How?
Dopamine & Norepinephrine -increase amount released and blocks uptake -increase sympathetic nervous system activity
MDMA
Ecstasy
Depressants affect which neurotransmitters? How?
GABA; slow down neural activity Glutamate; excitatory neurotransmitter (gets slowed down)
What responds to four basic stimulus qualities: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter.
Gustation
What causes the sound waves to be converted into neural activity?
Hair cells
Who won the nobel prize for feature detection?
Hubel & Wiesel
Vision starts with ____, the physical energy that stimulates the eye.
Light
What is the most common method for managing pain?
Medication
How does caffeine affect sleep?
More restless sleep, less deep sleep increased frequency of REM, but shorter harder to fall asleep
What is the only sensory system who's major pathway makes it to cerebral cortex without passing through the thalamus?
Olfactory cells
Synthesia
One sense induces an experience in another sense
What allows us to recognize familiar stimuli under varying conditions?
Perceptual Constancy
The ultimate processing of visual images takes place in the ____ ____ ____ of the brain. (occipital lobe)
Primary Visual Cortex
Two kinds of light-sensitive receptor cells in the retina:
Rods & Cones
How messages get from the eye to the brain:
Rods&Cones -> bipolar cells -> ganglion cells-> optic nerve-> primary vision cortex
Weber's law hold for every type of ____ ____.
Sensory stimuli ~vision, sound, taste, etc.
Sleepwalking
Stage 4 of slow-wave sleep
What two stages of NREM sleep are associated with sleep walking?
Stages 3 & 4
Drug
Substance that alters consciousness
____ ____ ____ can lead to slower reaction times, lower academic performance, and an inability to concentrate.
Temporary sleep deprivation
Inner ear
The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
Two theories of color vision:
Trichromatic theory of color vision and Opponent-process theory of color vision
Blind spot
When the nerve leaves the retina
Fovea
Where the cones are concentrated
Theories about dreaming:
Wish fulfillment, survival, and activation-synthesis
Substance P
a chemical released that transmits pain messages to the brain that comes from damaged cells
Cornea
a transparent film over the eye that bends light as it passes through, playing a primary role in focusing the light more sharply. ~refracts light
LSD
acid
Depressants
alcohol, barbiturates, Rohypnol
Wish fulfillment
amygdala is active during REM sleep
Beta waves
awake
Noise
background stimulation that interferes with the perception of other stimuli
How do drugs affect the nervous system?
blocks the release of neurotransmitter blocks receptor of neurotransmitter enhances release of neurotransmitter blocks removal of neurotransmitter mimics neurotransmitter
Activation-synthesis
brain makes 'sense' out of random neural activity
Otoliths
crystals that sense forward, backward, or up & down motion, as well as the pull of gravity
Harmful effects of extending sleep deprivation are most evident on ____ ____ and ____.
current feelings and performance
REM rebounds follow REM ____.
deprevation
Outer ear
detect direction of sound
Cocaine appears to produce its pleasurable effects by acting on the brain's level of ____.
dopamine
REM sleep is associated with which feature of sleep?
dreaming
Gestalt principles
elements are organized and perceived as wholes based on our experience in an environment
Narcolepsy
extreme daytime sleepiness and sudden, uncontrollable sleep attack that last from less than a minute to a hour
Bottom-up processing is closest to the ____ ____ theory of perception.
feature analysis
Perception depends on ____ ____.
feature detection
Night terrors
frightening dreams that arouse the sleeper to a near-panic state
Narcotics
heroin, morphine, opiates
Closer to oval:
high frequency
When does the REM sleep cycle occur?
in the hour or two before awakening
REM rebound/recovery
lengthening and increase in frequency and density of REM periods
Consciousness
moment-to-moment awareness of ourselves and our environment
Supertasters
more sensitive to taste
Name the four monocular cues:
motion parallax, linear perspective, relative size, and texture gradient
The reward pathway is ____ ____ by positive reinforcement
naturally activated
How does the gate-control theory explain acupuncture?
needs close gate to pained area allowing small pain to other areas
Stimulants
nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, Adderall
Does ESP exist?
no; there's no sound documentation of it
Zulu vs. Westerner perspectives
not used to monocular depth cues in 2-D drawings
Monocular cues
one eye is required to provide depth perception -important to artists; light and shadow
Images originate from ____ ____ of the brain.
opposite sides
Top-down processing
perception influenced by knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations -whole from start
Size constancy
perception that size objects remains constant even though images on our retina change in size with variations and distance
Visual illusions
physical stimuli that produce errors in perception
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in ____.
pitch
Feature Analysis
processing of individual elements of an object
Just noticeable difference is a constant _____.
proportion
Alpha waves
relaxed
Binocular disparity
require 2 eyes to receive different retinal images then images go to the brain where they are compared.
Olfaction
sense of smell
Gustation
sense of taste
Skin senses
senses of touch, pain, pressure, and temperature
How does alcohol affect sleep?
short REM series fall asleep quickly, but second half is more awakeness
What happens if you don't get enough sleep?
sleep deprivation; decreased alertness
Closure
tend to close open figures or gaps
Shape constancy
the ability to recognize objects from many different angles
Depth perception
the ability to view the world in three dimensions and to perceive distance
Feature detection
the activation of neurons in the cortex by visual stimuli of specific shapes or patterns
Ground
the background image
Iris
the colored part to the eye
Texture gradient
the farther away you are, details become less clear
Figure
the image in front "What you see"
Perceptual constancy
the objects maintain size, shape, and color despite the changes in retinal image ex. shape and size constancy
Absolute threshold
the smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for the stimulus to be detected
Biofeedback
trains the individual to control heart beat and respiration
Sleep-changing patters of brain wave activity help define ____ ____ of sleep.
various stages
Reward pathway
ventral tegmental area (VTA)-nucleus accumbens- prefrontal cortex
Similarity
when parts of the configuration are perceived as similar they will be perceived as being together
Priming
written word sound smell