Psych 1010 Ch.7

problem-solving formula that provides you with step-by-step instructions used to achieve a desired outcome

algorithm (think of it as a recipe with highly detailed instructions)

Alfred Binet was asked by the French government to develop

an intelligence test to use on children to determine which ones might have difficulty in school; it included many verbally based tasks

Fluid intelligence is characterized by ________.

being able to see complex relationships and solve problems

British psychologist Charles Spearman believed intelligence consisted of one general factor

called g, which could be measured and compared among individuals (Spearman focused on the commonalities among various intellectual abilities and demphasized what made each unique.)

categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences

concepts

Level II is responsible for

conceptual and analytical abilities (differs among ethnic groups)Arthur Jensen's most controversial conclusion was that Level II intelligence is prevalent among Asians, then Caucasians, then African Americans

the tendency to focus on information that confirms your existing beliefs.

conformation bias

the ability to provide a correct or well-established answer or solution to a problem

convergent thinking

Raymond Cattell proposed a theory of intelligence that divided general intelligence into two components:

crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence

"Thinking outside the box"

divergent thinking

learning disability that results in a struggle to write legibly

dysgraphia

Formerly known as mental retardation, the accepted term now

intellectual disability

IQ stands for

intelligence quotient

a communication system that involves using words and systematic rules to organize those words to transmit information from one individual to another

language

the idea that language influences the way we think it referred to as

linguistic determinism

A _____ is where you persist in approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past but is clearly not working now

mental set

Four subtypes of intellectual disability

mild (85%), moderate(10%), severe(5%), and profound (<1) (% of intellectual disabled population)

the smallest units of language that convey some type of meaning

morphemes (I)

created "naturally" through your experiences and can be developed from either direct or indirect experiences.

natural concept (snow is a natural concept because you can construct an understanding of it through direct observations or experiences of snow)

basic sound unit of a given language

phoneme (ah,eh) (I)

best example or representation of a concept

prototype (example, for the category of civil disobedience, your prototype could be Rosa Parks.)

Which type of bias involves relying on a false stereotype to make a decision?

representative bias

acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it

Crystallized intelligence

encompasses the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems.

Fluid intelligence

type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for.

Functional fixedness ( Apollo 13 mission to the moon, NASA engineers at Mission Control had to overcome functional fixedness to save the lives of the astronauts aboard the spacecraft.)

refers to the set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of the lexicon

Grammar

Multiple Intelligences Theory developed by

Howard Gardner ( each person possesses at least eight intelligences.)

Hall v. Florida

The Supreme Court ruled that IQ scores cannot be used as a final determination of a prisoner's eligibility for the death penalty

The four indices of WISC-V

Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed.

What is a learning disability?

a neurological disorder

Which of the following is not one of Gardner's Multiple Intelligences? (8) a. creative b. spatial c. linguistic d. musical

a. creative

example of overgeneralization (in context to language)

"two gooses" "through mouses"

a child's first word is uttered sometime between the ages of

1 year to 18 months

The mean score for a person with an average IQ is ________.

100

% of population IQs fall into the highest ranges

2% (130 or higher=gifted)

Atkins v. Virginia

Daryl Atkins and William Jones, robbed, kidnapped, and then shot and killed Eric Nesbitt, a local airman from the U.S. Air Force. A clinical psychologist evaluated Atkins and testified at the trial that Atkins had an IQ of 59. The mean IQ score is 100. The psychologist concluded that Atkins was mildly mentally retarded.

Who developed the IQ test most widely used today?

David Wechsler

What two researchers wanted to understand how the language habits of a community encourage members of that community to interpret language in a particular manner?

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf, proposed that language determines thought

refers to the words of a given language

Lexicon

involves giving a test to a large population so data can be collected comparing groups, such as age groups

Norming (what a group does not should know)

describes a faulty way of thinking, in which you unintentionally stereotype someone or something

Representative bias

Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem?

anchoring bias

occurs when you focus on one piece of information when making a decision or solving a problem

anchoring bias

a concept that is defined by a specific set of characteristics

artificial concept (shapes, formulas)

heuristic in which you make a decision based on an example, information, or recent experience that is that readily available to you, even though it may not be the best example to inform your decision.

availability heuristic

Arthur Jensen believed that ________.

genetics was solely responsible for intelligence

Learning disabilities are considered specific neurological impairments rather than

global intellectual or developmental disabilities.

general problem-solving framework

heuristic (mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems) ex. rule of thumb, working backwards, large task into series of smaller steps

English think and speak of time as ____ while Mandarin Chinese think and speak of it as ____

horizontal; vertical

Level I is responsible for

rote memorization (consistent among human race)

a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts

schema (role schema makes assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave, event schema, also known as a cognitive script, is a set of behaviors that can feel like a routine.,

An event schema is also known as a cognitive ________.

script

the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words

semantics

refers to the observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the last.

the Flynn effect

the time babies tend to produce single syllables that are repeated over and over is known as

the babbling stage

The results of intelligence tests follow

the bell curve

Sir Francis Galton developed

the first broad test of intelligence in the late 1800's

Range of Reaction

theory that each person responds to the environment in a unique way based on his or her genetic makeup

Robert Sternberg developed

triarchic theory of intelligence (practical, creative, and analytical intelligence)

Dr. Tom Steitz

won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2009 (looking at the structure and specific aspects of RNA molecules and how their interactions cold help produce antibiotics and ward off diseases)