Psych 107 Chapter 9

In a(an) ________, developmental psychologists collect a great deal of information from one individual in order to better understand physical and psychological changes over the lifespan.

case study

During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.

concrete operational

Annaliese knows that her friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers her, but she knows that if she tells the teacher everyone will think she is a snitch. She decides her friends' approval is more important, so she says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify?

conventional

The continuous development approach views development as a ________.

cumulative process

Specific normative events are also called ________.

developmental milestones

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

When children develop theory-of-mind (TOM), they can recognize that ________.

others have false beliefs

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

schemata

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?

Sigmund Freud

Late maturing boys are ________.

at a higher risk of depression

What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?

What is normal development?

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.

accommodation

Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes?

achievement gap

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.

assimilation

________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.

attachment

As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

cognitive

Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory. She can name most colors and numbers, she can even write the letters of her name. Assuming she reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, about how old is Dorothy?

four

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage?

moral reasoning

A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.

naturalistic observation

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?

pre-conventional

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?

preoperational

Ego identity is our ________.

sense of self

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.

sensorimotor

Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of ________.

teratogens

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

zygote

Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________.

during early childhood

Which of the following illustrates conservation?

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?

avoidant

Jules is participating in the strange situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then Behaves erotically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?

disorganized

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Carshis mother does to. What does this exemplify?

egocentrism

During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

industry vs. inferiority

Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

initiative vs. guilt

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

integrity vs. despair

People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

intimacy vs. isolation

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?

object permanence

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

permissive

In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.

postformal

It is hard to tell how Guy's father will respond to Guy. Sometimes he is responsive to Guy's needs, but he is just as likely to ignore Guy. At 18 months old, Guy clings to his father, but he is just as likely to reject his father if his father tries to play with him. Guy becomes angry when his father leaves, and Guy is difficult to comfort even after his father returns. What kind of attachment is this?

resistant

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?

secure

Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?

stranger anxiety

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.

surveys

A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage.

teratogen

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust vs. mistrust

Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________.

universal

During the early childhood years, the number of words a child uses increases at a rapid pace. This is sometimes referred to as the ________.

vocabulary spurt

Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood?

younger average age for marriage

According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment?

Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference.

Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage?

Children begin to use language.

Which of the following statements about parenting styles is true?

In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.

Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages?

Lawrence Kohlberg

Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________.

Moro reflex

Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ________.

abused

Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________.

anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy

Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?

assimilation

Grasping the toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of____ motor skills.

fine

When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

generativity vs. stagnation

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

genes and biology

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.

gross

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

identity vs. confusion