Psych 108 Midterm 2

Which of the following experimental results is LEAST likely to be found? Select one: a. Previously heard sentences are more likely to be judged true on a second hearing, even though the participants were told the original sentences were false. b. A burst of noise with a familiar sentence embedded in it is judged to be quieter than a burst of noise with an unfamiliar sentence embedded in it. c. Patients who do not remember having heard certain pieces of music before still prefer those pieces over novel ones. d. Made-up names that were heard before are judged to be famous people's names on a test immediately following initial presentation.

d. Made-up names that were heard before are judged to be famous people's names on a test immediately following initial presentation.

For a procedure that relies on processing fluency, what matters most is that you __________ the test stimulus. Select one: a. specifically recognize b. consciously remember c. previously encountered d. fully understand

d. fully understand

Damage to the __________ tends to result in __________. Select one: a. amygdala; unilateral neglect b. amygdala; anterograde amnesia c. hippocampus; anterograde amnesia d. hippocampus; unilateral neglect

d. hippocampus; unilateral neglect

Which hypothesis about forgetting points to the fact that over time, relevant brain cells die off and connections between memories gradually weaken? Select one: a. decay hypothesis b. retrieval-failure hypothesis c. misinformation hypothesis d. interference hypothesis

decay

Which of the following is NOT an attribute of the prototype theory? Select one: a. fuzzy boundaries b. graded membership c. defining features d. inequality of category members

defining features

Explicit memories are revealed by __________ memory tests, such as __________, whereas implicit memories are revealed by __________ memory tests, such as __________. Select one: a. indirect, recall; direct, priming b. direct, recall; indirect, priming c. direct, priming; indirect, recall d. indirect, priming; direct, recall

direct, recall; indirect, priming

omeone with a larger working-memory capacity is likely to perform better than someone with a smaller working-memory capacity on all of the following tasks EXCEPT Select one: a. following directions. b. efficient reading. c. learning a computer language. d. discriminating shapes.

discriminating shapes.

Which of the following is likely to INCREASE the intrusion of schematic knowledge in later recall? Select one: a. thinking about how the event unfolded, rather than what it meant b. making an effort to fill in the gaps in one's memories c. decreasing the retention interval d. thinking about what was distinctive, rather than typical, about the episode

making an effort to fill in the gaps in one's memories

According to interference theory, most forgetting is attributable to the fact that Select one: a. due to a change in perspective, you lose paths to the information. b. emotion causes the disruption of memories acquired earlier. c. memories and memory connections fade with time. d. new learning disrupts, or overwrites, old learning.

new learning disrupts, or overwrites, old learning.

All of the following are evidence that theories play an important role in conceptual knowledge EXCEPT that Select one: a. people learn a new category more easily if the features are coherent. b. people learn a new category more easily if they are given a theme to explain category membership. c. once people have theories, they largely abandon the use of typicality heuristics. d. people use theories to help them stretch concepts to encompass new, atypical examples.

once people have theories, they largely abandon the use of typicality heuristics. Question 25 Not answered Points out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text

The holding capacity of working memory is often said to be Select one: a. 7 plus-or-minus 2 digits. b. 7 plus-or-minus 2 chunks. c. 15 plus-or-minus 2 digits. d. 15 plus-or-minus 2 chunks.

7 plus-or-minus 2 chunks.

Which of the following examples illustrates how category typicality and judgments of category membership usually go together? Select one: a. A painted, sugar-infused lemon that has been run over by a truck is still considered a lemon. b. A perfect counterfeit bill that shares all the features of real money is rejected as payment. c. A German shepherd is recognized to have all of the features typical of a dog and is quickly recognized as such. d. Children accept the notion that a toaster can be changed into a coffeepot, but not the idea that a skunk can be changed into a raccoon.

A German shepherd is recognized to have all of the features typical of a dog and is quickly recognized as such.

In a standard sentence verification task, which of the following sentences would produce the slowest response time? Select one: a. A peach is a fruit. b. An apple is a fruit. c. A robin is a bird. d. A bat is a bird. Feedback

A bat is a bird.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Select one: a. Memory connections can both help and hurt memory accuracy. b. When events are misremembered, they tend to be remembered as more normal, or more consistent with expectations, than they actually were. c. Elements of a particular episode are stored in a "file" that separates them from elements of other episodes. d. The greater the density of connections that are associated with a particular episode, the more likely it is that intrusion errors will occur.

Elements of a particular episode are stored in a "file" that separates them from elements of other episodes.

Which of the following is NOT true of the "narrowing" of focus that is often found in memories of emotional events? Select one: a. The narrowing is a product of attention; when you focus your attention, your memory ends up similarly focused. b. Emotion can actually have a negative effect on your memory for the noncentral aspects of an event. c. Emotion improves memory for peripheral details of events, sometimes at the cost of memory for the central aspects. d. Different emotions may be associated with different behavioral goals, and this may affect your attention.

Emotion improves memory for peripheral details of events, sometimes at the cost of memory for the central aspects.

Which statement pertaining to the overall state of memory is FALSE? Select one: a. Errors in memory are more common than accurate memories. b. Some forgetting is beneficial because it allows us to generalize. c. Schemata allow us to direct our attention more efficiently so that we can encode more useful memories. d. There are principles that apply to all of memory, as well as principles that apply only to specific sorts of memory.

Errors in memory are more common than accurate memories.

Which of the following facts fits least well with the claims of prototype theory? Select one: a. Pictures of items similar to the prototype are identified as category members more quickly than pictures of items less similar to the prototype. b. Items close to the prototype are the earliest (and most likely) to be mentioned in a production task. c. When making up sentences about a category, people tend to create sentences that are most appropriate for the prototype of that category rather than for a more peripheral category member. d. Even when an item is quite different from a category's prototype, it is very easy for people to decide whether it is inside or outside the boundaries of the category.

Even when an item is quite different from a category's prototype, it is very easy for people to decide whether it is inside or outside the boundaries of the category.

hich is NOT part of the evidence for a dissociation between familiarity and source memory? Select one: a. It is common to realize that a face is familiar but be unable to place it; it is also possible to have source memory without familiarity. b. People's patterns of brain activity are different when they are making judgments based on familiarity than when they are making judgments based on familiarity plus source memory. c. Familiarity is promoted by creating a link between the test item and the setting; source memory is promoted by focusing on the material to be learned. d. Source memory is promoted by creating memory connections; familiarity can be promoted merely by sustained exposure.

Familiarity is promoted by creating a link between the test item and the setting; source memory is promoted by focusing on the material to be learned.

Based on past research about explicit and implicit memory, which of the following patterns would you most expect to find? Select one: a. In a lexical-decision task, people are quicker to decide if a string of letters is an English word when they have not seen that letter string recently. b. In a word-stem completion task, people are more likely to produce a word they have recently seen, even if they do not remember seeing it, than an equally plausible word they have not seen recently. c. In a tachistoscopic-recognition task, people are likely to have good recall but poor recognition of a word when they are tested afterward. d. In word-fragment completion tasks, people are more likely to come up with word endings that they have previously seen, but only if they have a conscious memory of the word.

In a word-stem completion task, people are more likely to produce a word they have recently seen, even if they do not remember seeing it, than an equally plausible word they have not seen recently.

Which of the following is NOT true about Rosch's prototype theory of category membership? Select one: a. Judgments about an item are made with reference to either the ideal or the average of that category. b. In this theory, the boundaries of the category are specified, rather than the center of the category. c. Items that more closely resemble the prototype are perceived to be "better" members of the category than other items. d. The prototype for a certain category may vary from person to person.

In this theory, the boundaries of the category are specified, rather than the center of the category

What is the clearest advantage of connecting new information to prior knowledge in several different ways? Select one: a. It attaches the new material in memory more securely, so the neurons are less likely to decay. b. It opens the way for state-dependent learning to take place. c. It improves your implicit memory for the information. d. It allows the information to be accessed from multiple retrieval paths.

It allows the information to be accessed from multiple retrieval paths.

What is an advantage of trying to learn something using deep (meaning-related) processing rather than strategies like mnemonics? Select one: a. It helps keep track of the order of learned items. b. It is better at preventing the "remembering" of details that were never actually present but fit with the meaning of the items. c. It creates more retrieval paths for the memory. d. It relies less on having background knowledge about the topic being learned.

It creates more retrieval paths for the memory.

Which of the following is FALSE with respect to sensory memory? Select one: a. It includes iconic memory, which stores visual information. b. Information is stored for only a very brief period of time before it is replaced by new information. c. Auditory information is stored in a part of sensory memory called "echoic memory." d. It has a very small capacity, storing only the equivalent of a letter or two at a time.

It has a very small capacity, storing only the equivalent of a letter or two at a time.

Why does elaborative encoding facilitate recall? Select one: a. It provides many potential retrieval paths. b. It occurs more quickly than shallow processing. c. It evokes fewer memory connections. d. It is more likely to be evoked by simple sentences than by complex ones.

It provides many potential retrieval paths.

Which of the following is true of gender differences in memory? Select one: a. Overall, females have more accurate memories than males. b. Many gender differences can be explained by differences in attention priorities. c. Males tend to have greater memory capacity than females, especially with respect to verbal materials. d. There are no reliable differences between the memory of males and females.

Many gender differences can be explained by differences in attention priorities.

Which of the following statements about memory over the lifespan is most accurate? Select one: a. Most people can remember events from when they were younger than 3 years old. b. Most adults have particularly clear and detailed memories of their late teens and 20s. c. People are most likely to remember the most recent decade of their lives, regardless of their age. d. Most people have relatively few memories from their high school years.

Most adults have particularly clear and detailed memories of their late teens and 20s.

Which of these features reliably distinguishes false memories from true memories? Select one: a. difference in speed of recounting false memories and true memories b. level of emotionality in recalling the memory c. level of detail in the recalled memory d. Nothing that we know of reliably distinguishes true from false memories.

Nothing that we know of reliably distinguishes true from false memories.

Which of the following claims is FALSE? Select one: a. Reliance on prototypes is likely to emerge gradually as a person's experience with a category grows. b. People are likely to rely strongly on exemplars early in their exposure to a particular category. c. Once people begin to rely on prototypes, they no longer use exemplars for judging category membership. d. With exposure to many instances of a particular category, it becomes more difficult to remember each particular instance, and this contributes to the emergence of a prototype.

Once people begin to rely on prototypes, they no longer use exemplars for judging category membership.

Which group would perform the best on a memory test? Select one: a. Participants engaged in shallow processing without the previous warning of a memory test. b. Participants engaged in moderate processing with the previous warning of a memory test. c. Participants engaged in deep processing without the previous warning of a memory test. d. Participants engaged in shallow processing with the previous warning of a memory test.

Participants engaged in deep processing without the previous warning of a memory test.

Study participants learn a list of words, including "clockwork." Later, they are given a new list and asked to say whether each word is old or new. This list includes the word "lock." Which of the following will happen? Select one: a. Participants will correctly report that lock was indeed on the prior list, because it is embedded in "clockwork." b. Participants will correctly deny that they saw the word "lock" even though it is embedded in "clockwork." c. Participants will feel a strong sense of familiarity about "lock." d. Participants will have a source memory for the word "lock" in the first list.

Participants will correctly deny that they saw the word "lock" even though it is embedded in "clockwork.

Which of the following is NOT true of people's reasoning about natural kinds and artifacts? Select one: a. People tend to assume more homogeneity when reasoning about natural kinds than when reasoning about artifacts. b. The way people reason about natural kinds will be influenced by their level of expertise regarding those kinds. c. People think that tables can be transformed into chairs but cats cannot be transformed into dogs. d. People tend to assume that the properties of artifacts are less changeable than the properties of natural kinds.

People tend to assume that the properties of artifacts are less changeable than the properties of natural kinds.

Which of the following about autobiographical memories is FALSE? Select one: a. People tend to remember themselves as having been very different in the past. b. Recollection is better for memories that seem more directly relevant to the self. c. When an event is forgotten, reconstruction tends to favor seeing the self in a positive light. d. Reconstruction of past events will often be consistent with current views of the self.

People tend to remember themselves as having been very different in the past.

Which of the following is true? Select one: a. People only use prototypes when there are no clear definitions to fall back on. b. People use prototypes even when other information is available to them. c. People use exemplars rather than prototypes whenever possible. d. Clearly defined category boundaries are necessary for deciding on category membership.

People use prototypes even when other information is available to them

Which of the following is NOT true regarding recall performance? Select one: a. Recall performance is usually less good than recognition performance. b. Recall performance benefits from context reinstatement. c. Whether a clue about a word's sound is more helpful for recall than a clue about its meaning depends on how the word was thought of when it was learned. d. Physical context is more important in recall than psychological context.

Physical context is more important in recall than psychological context.

Which of the following is a FALSE statement about the memory strategy of "chunking"? Select one: a. Practice with chunking can greatly increase the actual size of an individual's working memory. b. Chunking does have a downside: items can be misremembered because they are often altered in some way as part of the chunking process. c. Some individuals can create very big chunks, enabling them to recall over 50 numbers in order. d. The increased processing required for chunking leaves less attention available for other tasks

Practice with chunking can greatly increase the actual size of an individual's working memory.

Which of the following is most likely to produce a sense that a stimulus "rings a bell" (is familiar)? Select one: a. Processing the stimulus is relatively easy. b. Processing the stimulus is relatively difficult. c. The stimulus is presented tachistoscopically. d. You lack a source memory for the stimulus.

Processing the stimulus is relatively easy.

Which is the best example of "encoding specificity"? Select one: a. Studying the word "calf" in a list of farm animals results in a feeling of familiarity when the word "calf" is later presented in a list of body parts. b. Reading the word "washed" is followed by a failure to realize that, as part of this presentation, the word "ash" was also viewed. c. Recognizing a picture that was seen earlier is unaffected by whether the person is focusing on the same part of the picture as before. d. Being tested in a quiet room free of distractions is better than being tested in a loud room, regardless of learning context.

Reading the word "washed" is followed by a failure to realize that, as part of this presentation, the word "ash" was also viewed.

A study has a "2x2" design, in which half the participants read a passage in a boat and the other half read the same passage on a train and then all are tested for recall of the passage in either the environment they learned in or the other environment. Based on previous studies, what results would you expect? Select one: a. All people tested in the boat would have better recall than all people tested on the train. b. Recall performance would be best for people whose testing environment matched their learning environment. c. All people whose learning environment was the boat would have better recall than all people whose learning environment was the train. d. People would have better recall when tested in an environment different than the one in which they learned.

Recall performance would be best for people whose testing environment matched their learning environment.

Which of the following pieces of evidence would NOT be consistent with claims about the articulatory rehearsal loop? Select one: a. In working memory tasks, when people see the letter "F," they sometimes remember "S" instead. b. In working memory tasks, when people hear "F" spoken, they sometimes remember "S" instead. c. Repeating a nonsense syllable over and over interferes with the ability to hold a strong of letters in working memory. d. Repeating a nonsense syllable over and over interferes with the ability to hold a sequence of abstract shapes in working memory.

Repeating a nonsense syllable over and over interferes with the ability to hold a sequence of abstract shapes in working memory.

Which of the following claims about false memories is accurate? Select one: a. Memories can only be implanted if participants find them plausible. b. Photographs must be digitally manipulated in order for them to produce false memories. c. Researchers have used repeated interviews to give participants false memories for committing felonies. d. Some false memories can be implanted in children, but not memories about major traumatic events.

Researchers have used repeated interviews to give participants false memories for committing felonies.

Which of the following facts is explained equally well by prototype- and exemplar-based theories? Select one: a. People are able to use information about a category's variability to help judge whether a novel object belongs to that category. b. Some items appear to be more typical of a category than others. c. When people change their perspective of a category (e.g., from American birds to Chinese birds), their idea of category membership changes. d. People seem to show typicality effects for an unlimited number of categories, as demonstrated by the typical effects for completely ad hoc categories.

Some items appear to be more typical of a category than others.

__________ are more likely to be socially acquired and have more emotional connotations than __________. Select one: a. Stereotypes; prototypes b. Prototypes, stereotypes c. Exemplars, propositions d. Propositions; exemplars

Stereotypes; prototypes

Which of the following statements is the MOST accurate? Select one: a. There is little or no relation between memory confidence and memory accuracy. b. People who are more confident in their memories are likely to be more accurate. c. Although juries tend to believe that memory confidence in witnesses is a good sign of memory accuracy, judges do not. d. Feedback about memory accuracy has no effect on memory confidence.

There is little or no relation between memory confidence and memory accuracy.

What advantage do propositional networks have over other types of categorization models? Select one: a. They can better accommodate atypical category members. b. They match neural biology better. c. They can better differentiate between different types of relationships. d. Nodes are less complex.

They can better differentiate between different types of relationships.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Select one: a. When asked to describe an object, people are likely to choose the most general term for that object first. b. People tend to remember more general terms ("pants") when they have heard very specific terms ("jeans"). c. People tend to remember more specific terms ("dog") when they have heard very general terms ("animal"). d. Basic-level terms can usually be referred to in English using a single word, whereas more specific terms often require two or three words.

When asked to describe an object, people are likely to choose the most general term for that object first

Many people think of a drum as the prototypical percussion instrument. Given this, which of the following results is most likely? Select one: a. The statement, "Chimes are percussion instruments," will be verified more quickly than the statement, "Drums are percussion instruments." b. When asked to create sentences about percussion instruments, participants frequently say things like, "I heard a percussion instrument chiming." c. When people are asked which of two instruments is "more 'percussiony,'" they will choose the drum if it is an option. d. When two types of instruments are within the category of percussion instruments, they will be treated equally.

When people are asked which of two instruments is "more 'percussiony,'" they will choose the drum if it is an option.

Which of the following would NOT be due to schemata? Select one: a. During recall of a story taken from the folklore of Native Americans, British participants systematically change the facts to be more in line with their worldview. b. Witnesses to a crime blur together in memory what they saw with what they heard from another witness. c. Participants remember seeing books on the shelves in an academic office even when there were none. d. When people give accounts of past events, they are easily able to fill in the holes in their memory by making inferences, which are usually correct.

Witnesses to a crime blur together in memory what they saw with what they heard from another witness.

What causes the primacy effect? Select one: a. The last words to be heard are still in working memory at testing. b. The first words to be heard are also the first words to leave working memory. c. Words that get more attention are better encoded into long-term memory. d. Experimenters tend to present easier words first as warm-up.

Words that get more attention are better encoded into long-term memory.

In which of the following situations are you most likely to decide that a stimulus is familiar? Select one: a. Processing fluency is quite low. b. Processing fluency is at the level you had expected. c. You can recall when and where you last saw the stimulus. d. Processing fluency is high and you attribute this to the stimulus being very beautiful.

You can recall when and where you last saw the stimulus.

Long-term memory is to working memory as __________ is to __________. Select one: a. an open file on your computer; the monitor on your computer b. a printed copy of a file; a file stored on a CD c. a keyboard on your computer; the cursor on your computer d. a file stored on a hard drive; an open document you are working on

a file stored on a hard drive; an open document you are working on

Imagine participants are shown the word "class" in a list of words and then tested later with the stimulus cla_ _. Which of the following conditions is LEAST likely to yield the correct completion of the word? Select one: a. explicit processing of the word b. exposure to the word when told that a memory test will follow. c. exposure to the word when NOT told that a memory test will follow d. a long delay between viewing the word list and taking the memory test

a long delay between viewing the word list and taking the memory test

Which of the following is most likely to cause you to draw an inference about a category of animal? Select one: a. information about an atypical member of that category b. information about a category of animal higher up in the food chain than the one you are considering c. a theory about how a feature you have seen in one member of the category might be caused by a feature that all category members share d. information about a characteristic shared by two members of the category that are quite similar to each other

a theory about how a feature you have seen in one member of the category might be caused by a feature that all category members share

The 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City was a very emotional event, which, for many people, led to a flashbulb memory. Details of the day of this event are likely to be remembered MOST accurately by Select one: a. an individual from a neighboring state who had not previously known of the building. b. an individual who worked in the immediate vicinity and narrowly escaped harm, and who is questioned immediately. c. an individual who worked in the immediate vicinity and narrowly escaped harm, and who is questioned one year later. d. a closely involved individual who expressed extreme confidence in his or her memory one year later.

an individual who worked in the immediate vicinity and narrowly escaped harm, and who is questioned immediately.

When people are asked to rate how much "oddness" different odd numbers have, they Select one: a. rate the numbers all the same, because there is a clearly defined category boundary for odd numbers. b. rate some odd numbers as more "odd" than others, but these ratings are quite inconsistent from one participant to the next. c. are consistent with each other in which odd numbers they consider more odd. d. refuse to do the task because it does not make any sense.

are consistent with each other in which odd numbers they consider more odd.

All of the following are true about explanatory theories EXCEPT that they Select one: a. provide a crucial knowledge base we rely on to think about a particular category. b. serve the same function as a scientist's theory, though they are less precise. c. are only useful in providing a cause-and-effect understanding if they are accurate. d. can increase the ease with which we can learn a new category. Feedback

are only useful in providing a cause-and-effect understanding if they are accurate.

According to Wittgenstein, we Select one: a. have no real general concept for each category we know but instead learn each category member individually. b. assess category membership probabilistically, by family resemblance. c. can find rigid features that define a category but only after intensive study. d. first encounter the prototypical member of a category and then compare all other potential members to it.

assess category membership probabilistically, by family resemblance.

Which statement about working memory is FALSE? Select one: a. It has a limited storage capacity. b. It functions mainly as a storage container. c. Information in it is fragile and easily lost. d. It refers mainly to the resources that make up the central executive and its helpers.

b. It functions mainly as a storage container.

Based on current knowledge, which of the following is the LEAST well-established reason for a traumatic childhood memory to come to light after many years? Select one: a. There was retrieval failure, but a cue finally appeared that triggered the memory. b. The memory was repressed because it was too painful, but it has now been recovered. c. The memory was consciously remembered all along, but it was not talked about before. d. The memory is false and was created, probably with the help of suggestion from an outside party.

b. The memory was repressed because it was too painful, but it has now been recovered.

All of the following statements accurately describe the effects of mnemonics EXCEPT that they Select one: a. can impose organization on a list that does not have its own intrinsic organization. b. facilitate multiple connections between new material and prior knowledge. c. can help to recall, not only items, but also their serial order in the list. d. can be detrimental if you wish to have many retrieval paths to the information.

b. facilitate multiple connections between new material and prior knowledge.

In using the rehearsal loop, the central executive is directly involved in the step of Select one: a. subvocalizing the items in the list to be remembered. b. planning the end-goal of the rehearsal. c. transferring items into the phonological buffer. d. storing visual information, such as mental images.

b. planning the end-goal of the rehearsal.

Eli can remember what he did last week, but he cannot remember the birth of his cousin (which happened immediately before Eli received a head injury in a motorcycle accident). What is Eli's condition? Select one: a. anterograde amnesia b. retrograde amnesia c. Korsakoff's syndrome d. Capgras syndrome

b. retrograde amnesia

You decide to order pizza and look up the number for a local pizza place. You repeat the number to yourself, but just before you dial the number, you are interrupted by a text from your friend. You quickly read the text, but then realize you have forgotten the number. The text led you to forget the number because the number was Select one: a. not rehearsed. b. not encoded into working memory. c. displaced from working memory. d. elaborated.

c. displaced from working memory.

Intrusion errors are NOT typically caused by Select one: a. words or ideas associated with the material being learned. b. background knowledge brought to a situation. c. maintenance rehearsal. d. thoughts about an event that take place after that event has occurred.

c. maintenance rehearsal.

The short-term storage of verbal materials is often supported by the rehearsal loop. The short-term storage of mental images is accomplished by Select one: a. the operation span. b. the visual-cortex loop. c. the visuospatial buffer. d. perseveration.

c. the visuospatial buffer.

Research shows that children are willing to make suggestions about how to turn a toaster into a coffee pot but deny the possibility of turning a skunk into a raccoon. This is evidence that Select one: a. category membership and typicality ratings can diverge. b. category membership depends on decisions about which features are essential to the category. c. our use of categories is dictated by typicality. d. children and adults have radically different understandings of categorization.

category membership depends on decisions about which features are essential to the category.

Which is of the following is most effective for long-term retention? Select one: a. peg-word learning b. imagery c. maintenance rehearsal d. elaborative rehearsal

elaborative rehearsal

The idea that we categorize objects based on their similarity to previously stored instances is known as Select one: a. geometric theory. b. prototype theory. c. feature theory. d. exemplar theory.

exemplar theory.

Which of the following provide(s) us with an understanding of cause and effect?

explanatory theories

Someone with anterograde amnesia has no Select one: a. explicit memory for events before the onset of amnesia. b. implicit memory for events before the onset of amnesia. c. explicit memory for events after the onset of amnesia. d. implicit memory for events after the onset of amnesia.

explicit memory for events after the onset of amnesia.

The dangers of source confusion are particularly relevant to which real-world situation? Select one: a. eyewitness identification b. playing the lottery c. jury selection d. second language acquisition

eyewitness identification

In a production task, the __________ category members that a person mentions are also the category members that produce the fastest reaction times in a sentence verification task. Select one: a. first b. last c. loudest d. slowest Feedback

first

Which of the following types of processing for a target word will probably lead to the best memory performance? Select one: a. noting whether the letters are upper-case or lower-case b. generating a sentence that uses the target word c. repeating the word over and over while trying very hard to memorize it d. thinking of a list of words that rhyme with the target word

generating a sentence that uses the target word

Compared with nonexperts, experts in a particular field will Select one: a. pay less attention to the relationships between categories. b. have more complex explanatory theories. c. base categories solely on appearance. d. rely particularly strongly on exemplars.

have more complex explanatory theories.

Memories that are not lost within a few years of their acquisition Select one: a. will mostly be lost within ten years. b. have probably achieved a state of relatively permanent storage. c. need to be rehearsed frequently to stay in long-term memory. d. tend to pop into one's thoughts much more frequently than they initially did.

have probably achieved a state of relatively permanent storage.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to promote misremembering? Select one: a. imagining what might have happened had an event gone differently b. being exposed to misinformation after the event c. having some involvement in an event rather than just witnessing it d. the passage of time

having some involvement in an event rather than just witnessing it

) On her way home, Veronica decided to go to the grocery store but couldn't write a shopping list because she was driving. She came up with several possible ways to remember what she needed to buy (listed in the answer choices). Which of her ideas is NOT a simple mnemonic strategy? Select one: a. using the peg-word system to associate different items on the shopping list with words in an easy-to-remember rhyme b. imagining what she can cook with all of the items on the list and imagining what all the food would taste like c. imagining her drive to school and associating items on the list with prominent landmarks she passes every day d. using the first-letter technique to make a word or phrase composed of the first letter of each item from the list

imagining what she can cook with all of the items on the list and imagining what all the food would taste like

Connectionist, or parallel distributed processing (PDP), models are different from other categorization models in several ways. All the following are true of connectionist networks EXCEPT that Select one: a. individual nodes are associated with meaning. b. computers modeling these networks are more successful at problem solving than computers using other locally represented models. c. processing is across the network rather than locally represented. d. processing happens in parallel rather than serially.

individual nodes are associated with meaning.

A study found that rugby players' recall of the names of opposing teams suffered based on the number of intervening games, and not based on the mere passage of time. This study demonstrates that Select one: a. interference is a major contributor to forgetting. b. decay is a major contributor to forgetting. c. separate events are stored as separate, contained units in memory. d. a change in the players' perspective leads to retrieval failure in recall.

interference is a major contributor to forgetting.

Results of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) procedure demonstrate Select one: a. the role of perceptual priming in recall. b. the importance of having multiple retrieval paths in memory. c. intrusion errors based on semantic knowledge. d. that confidence is a direct index of the accuracy of recall.

intrusion errors based on semantic knowledge.

All of the following are problems for the prototype and exemplar accounts of categorization EXCEPT that Select one: a. participants know that the definition of an even number is absolute, but they still give even numbers different ratings of evenness. b. an orange that has been flattened, painted with brown and red stripes, and covered with coconut flakes is still identified as an orange. c. participants' ratings of membership in a novel category change with experience. d. a counterfeit $20 bill can look identical to a real $20 bill but is not considered money.

participants' ratings of membership in a novel category change with experience.

Maintenance rehearsal is Select one: a. an efficient and effective way to enter information into long-term memory. b. well suited for delayed recall, but only if you knew were going to be tested. c. poorly suited for delayed recall, even if you knew you would be tested. d. not very efficient, but if done for long enough it will be effective at promoting memory.

poorly suited for delayed recall, even if you knew you would be tested.

Schemata do all of the following EXCEPT Select one: a. help us understand a situation. b. help fill in gaps in our recollection. c. encourage the formation of certain types of errors in our perception and memory. d. prevent us from confusing an event with other, similar events.

prevent us from confusing an event with other, similar events.

What factor about a person will best predict the long-term recall of newly learned complex information about biology? Select one: a. previous related biology knowledge b. performance on a digit-span task c. intention to learn the information d. amount of time spent trying to learn the information

previous related biology knowledge

Which testing method mainly targets explicit, rather than implicit, memory? Select one: a. tachistoscopic recognition b. lexical decision c. recall tasks d. word-stem completion

recall tasks

In the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) procedure, participants are asked to remember a list of words like "bed, snooze, awake, tired, dream, rest," which are all words concerning the topic of sleep, although the word "sleep" is not on the list. After this procedure, participants Select one: a. recall that they heard the word "sleep" on the original list unless they are explicitly warned to be careful. b. recall the word "sleep" being on the list even if they were explicitly warned to be careful. c. are less confident in their recognition of the word "sleep" than in their recognition of words that are actually on the list. d. are likely to say that the word "sleep" was on the list during a recognition test but not during a recall test.

recall the word "sleep" being on the list even if they were explicitly warned to be careful.

A question like, "What's the name of the waiter?" requires __________; a question like, "Isn't that the guy we usually see on the bus?" requires __________. Select one: a. recall; recognition b. recognition; recall c. source memory; familiarity d. familiarity; source memory

recall; recognition

Which behavior is LEAST likely to be demonstrated by a Korsakoff's patient? Select one: a. refusing to shake hands with someone who hurt him or her during a previous handshake even though he or she will have no explicit memory of the first handshake b. learning the correct answer to a previously taught question, without a memory of being previously taught c. not remembering tunes heard before as familiar but preferring them to ones not heard before d. recalling that a sentence was heard earlier in the test but feeling no sense of familiarity about the sentence

recalling that a sentence was heard earlier in the test but feeling no sense of familiarity about the sentence

In a basic recall task, participants read a story about a character named Nancy and her behavior at a party. During recall, participants Select one: a. made fewer intrusion errors if they received a prologue giving context to Nancy's behavior. b. remembered more details and made more inferences about the story if they received a prologue giving additional context. c. remembered extra events that did not make much sense in the context of the story. d. were susceptible to leading questions unless they received a prologue giving context.

remembered more details and made more inferences about the story if they received a prologue giving additional context.

Which of the following is an example of recall? Select one: a. only knowing a phone number if you have a phone in front of you b. identifying an old friend you meet in the store even though he or she has gained weight c. remembering the name of your fifth-grade teacher when asked d. suddenly experiencing the "tip-of-the-tongue" phenomenon

remembering the name of your fifth-grade teacher when asked

Which of the following would be the least helpful in improving recall of a difficult-to-understand paragraph? Select one: a. quizzing yourself in order to improve comprehension of the paragraph b. chunking the sentences in the paragraph into smaller, meaningful groups c. repeating the paragraph aloud many times d. giving the paragraph a meaningful title

repeating the paragraph aloud many times

Which is LEAST well established as a contributor to the forgetting of traumatic events? Select one: a. extreme stress disrupting the biological processes of memory consolidation b. alcohol and drug use c. self-protective memory repression on the part of the traumatized individual d. sleep deprivation

self-protective memory repression on the part of the traumatized individual

Which event will improve long-term memory performance during a free-recall task? Select one: a. having participants count backward by threes for 30 seconds before recalling the list b. delaying the recall for a few seconds after the list end (with no interpolated activity) c. using words that all have similar sounds (like "bay," "day," "gray," etc.) d. slowing down the presentation of the list

slowing down the presentation of the list

When asked, "What is the capital of South Dakota?" participants who cannot initially remember the answer often show improved recall when given the prompt, "Is it perhaps a man's name?" This phenomenon is best explained by Select one: a. implicit memory. b. context reinstatement. c. spreading activation. d. priming.

spreading activation

While under hypnosis, people Select one: a. are quite accurate at distinguishing true from false memories. b. tend to remember more about the event they are being questioned about. c. tend to talk more about the event they are being questioned about. d. are less susceptible to the misinformation effect.

tend to talk more about the event they are being questioned about.

Marla is given the following list of words: "giraffe, bird, alligator, lion, eagle, gorilla." She is likely to remember the word "giraffe" because of Select one: a. the encoding effect. b. elaborative processing. c. the primacy effect. d. relational mnemonics.

the primacy effect.

According to the modal model, all of the following are true EXCEPT that Select one: a. new information moves from one information-processing component to the next. b. the size of short-term memory can be expanded with sufficient practice. c. incoming information goes through sensory and short-term memory on the path to long-term memory. d. memory takes place in a series of discrete steps.

the size of short-term memory can be expanded with sufficient practice.

All of the following contribute evidence for a dissociation between explicit and implicit memory EXCEPT that Select one: a. there is a dissociation between the primacy and recency effect in the serial position curve. b. people sometimes treat a familiar name as famous because they have retained their implicit memory of it but lost their explicit memory of where they saw it. c. having a word in front of one's eyes has more impact on a subsequent word-completion task than thinking about the word's meaning, but on a subsequent-recall task, the opposite is true. d. patient H.M. failed to recognize the "Tower of Hanoi" problem, despite showing improvement over repeat testing sessions.

there is a dissociation between the primacy and recency effect in the serial position curve.

Cryptoplagiarism happens when you Select one: a. intentionally steal someone else's idea, but then deny it. b. copy someone else's passwords. c. steal ideas or words from a spy. d. unintentionally steal someone else's ideas.

unintentionally steal someone else's ideas.

In one study, participants saw a video of a car wreck and were then asked questions about what they had seen. Participants who heard the question "How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?" Select one: a. were more confident that they saw broken glass than participants who heard "smashed into each other." b. gave speed estimates equal to those of participants who had heard "smashed into each other" if both groups were questioned immediately. c. were less likely than those individuals who had heard "smashed into each other" to recall that they had seen broken glass. d. gave lower speed estimates than participants who had heard "smashed into each other" only if both groups were questioned after a one-week delay.

were less likely than those individuals who had heard "smashed into each other" to recall that they had seen broken glass.

As part of a pronunciation task, you are presented with a list of made-up names. Later, during a second, unrelated task, some of the names appear again. Which factor will have the LEAST influence on the likelihood that you will think the name belongs to a famous person? Select one: a. the amount of time between the pronunciation task and the second task b. the attribution given for the sense of familiarity experienced when seeing the names for the second time c. whether the names are presented in the auditory or visual modality d. the degree of processing fluency experienced when seeing names for the second time

whether the names are presented in the auditory or visual modality