Psych 110 Study Guide-Exam 2

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior?

Albert Bandura

A year after surviving a classroom shooting, Angie still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and the sound of balloons popping. This reaction BEST illustrates:

Generalization

Shaping was a method used by B.F. Skinner in order to:

Guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations

____ involves any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.

Negative reinforcement

Learning by imitating the behavior of others is called ____learning. The researcher BEST known for studying this type of learning is_____.

Observational; Albert Bandura

Through conscious repetition of information, people can encode information for long-term storage. This is known as;

Rehearsal

Classical conditioning focuses on ____ behavior, whereas operant conditioning focuses on ____ behavior.

Respondent; operant

The process of getting information out of memory storage is called:

Retrieval

Darlene is trying to remember the name of a woman sitting next to her on the bus. She knows she met her at a party, and she is trying to remember which one. Darlene is able to imagine where the woman was seated at the party, as well as what she was eating. Darlene is using ____ to remember the woman's name.

Retrieval Cues

____ occurs when something one learns now interferes with one's ability to recall something one learned earlier.

Retroactive Interference

In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

Unconditioned response (UR)

Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) ___ repeatedly comes before a(n)

Unconditioned stimulus (US); conditioned/ neutral stimulus (CS)

With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ____. With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ____.

every time the desired behavior occurs; sporadically when the desired behavior occurs

Which item will Christ most likely store as implicit memory?

his conditioned fear of guns

One main difference between punishment and reinforcement is that the goal of reinforcement is to ____ a behavior, while the goal of punishment is to ____ a behavior.

increase; decrease

Because she has oversight responsibility for the servicing and repair of her company's fleet of cars, Rhonda frequently calls the garage mechanic to inquire whether service on various cars has been completed. Because service completion time are unpredictable, she is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquires on a ____ schedule.

Variable-interval

Pop quizzes and random checks of quality help to produce slow, steady responding and are example of the ____ schedule of reinforcement.

Variable-interval

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a _____ schedule.

Variable-ratio

Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even because the next hand will be his winning one. This is a ____ schedule.

Variable-ratio

A person's tendency to recall the last and first items in a list is known as:

the serial position effect

Ricardo distributes his study time rather than cramming because he wants to retain the information for the long-term. He is using the:

the spacing effect

The processing of information into the memory system is called:

vencoding

Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate.

2 stimuli

George Miller's research on short-term memory capacity indicated that people can only store ____ in their short-term memory.

About seven bits of information (give or take two)

According to psychologists, memory refers to the:

According to psychologists, memory refers to all of these things.

It is easier to remember information that is organized into meaningful units than information that is not. This is known as:

Chunking

Susie repeatedly hears a tone just before having a puff of air directed into her eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n):

Conditioned Response (CR)

In classical conditioning, this is an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Walter was bitten by a dog when he was 5 years old. To this day, he will not pet dogs; however, he will pet cats. This reaction BEST illustrates:

Discrimination

Nannette's daughter refused to brush her teeth and threw her toys across the room. Nannette gave her daughter a 20-minute time-out. This is an example of:

Negative punishment

The sense that one may have seen this same question before. Yes, the same question you are reading is known as:

Dėjá vu

The law of effect states that rewarded behavior is likely to recur; it was first enunciated by this psychologist.

Edward L. Thorndike

As opposed to automatic processing, ____ refers to encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Effortful processing

The three steps in memory information processing are:

Encoding, storage, retrieval

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customs with a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ____ schedule of reinforcement.

Fixed-Ratio

Some of a person's memories for an emotionally significant moment or event are vividly clear. These are known as:

Flashbulb memories

___ memory refers to retention of information that is independent of conscious recollection, whereas ___ refers to memory for facts and experiences.

Implicit; explicit

This is a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of a person's memory system.

Long-term memory

Aids can be used to help remember things such as speeches or lists of items. These aids often incorporate the use of vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Mnemonics

___ refers to people's tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with their current mood. In other words, if one is in a bad mood, one will be more likely to have negative associations.

Mood-congruent memory

____ involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

Positive reinforcement

During a Spanish language exam, Janice easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning. However, she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty BEST illustrates:

Proactive interference

Although B.F. Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which finding suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning?

Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes

When people recall an imagined event as something that they directly experienced, or something that really happened to them, people are BEST illustrating:

Source misattribution

This is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

Spontaneous Recovery

The retention of encoded information over time is called:

Storage

When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details surrounding the event. This is known as:

The misinformation effect

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response is called a:

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A fill-in-the-blank test is a good example of:

recall

In Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's three-stage processing model, people record information in which order?

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory