PSYCH 1101 Connect Chapter 11: Social Psychology

____ are evaluations of people behaviors, beliefs, and concepts.

attitudes

The ____ perspective of reciprocity is to secure the survival of the family's genes, even if the helped individual isn't actually family.

evolutionary

The _____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.

self-serving bias

High levels of the neurotransmitter ____ are associated with prosocial behavior.

serotonin

What is a key emotion involved in altruism and happens when we feel a oneness with the emotional state of another?

empathy

The _____ may be explained by the fact that when making attributions about someone, the immediate environment is more stable and less attention-grabbing than the observed person's behavior.

fundamental attribution error

____ ____ is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.

social cognition

Noah sees a man in a store yelling at the cashier and thinks, "That guy is a mean jerk." Noah is attributing the man's behavior to a(n) _____ cause.

stable

A ____ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any differences.

stereotype

____ threat is one's fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group.

stereotype

Pam's new friend is a librarian, so Pam assumes that she is intellectual, politically liberal, shy, not very social, and probably a vegetarian. What does Pam's thinking on this describe?

stereotyping

In the context of gender and helping behavior, ____ are more likely to help in the context of interpersonal relationships or nurturing, whereas ____ are more likely to help in the context of perceived danger.

women men

In one study, just a 100-millisecond exposure was long enough for participants to form a(n) ____ of the unfamiliar individual.

impression

How long did it take participants in one research study to form an impression of an unfamiliar face?

less than a second

Jon got a B on his psychology exam. He isn't sure if this is good, so he asks Kate how well she did. Jon is using _____ to evaluate his performance.

social comparison

____ involves giving to another person to ensure reciprocity, to gain self-esteem, or to present oneself as powerful or caring,

Egoism

Which of the following faces did participants rate as most attractive?

Faces that were an "average" (composite) of several other faces

Altruism is which of the following?

Giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself

____ are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make decisions rapidly.

Heuristics

When are attitudes more likely to guide behavior?

When a person rehearses and practices his or her strong attitudes When a person has strong attitudes When a person is very aware of his or her own attitudes

Which of the following features was not one that participants were accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips?

a person's artistic ability

Shelby's friends congratulate her on the beautiful cake she baked for an upcoming party. Shelby says that the cake was easy to make because she read the recipe carefully and allowed herself plenty of time to get it made. Shelby is attributing her success at baking the cake to a(n) _____ cause.

controllable

The _____ likelihood model theory identifies two ways by which a message can be persuasive.

elaboration

____ theory seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are.

attribution

The tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations when they seek explanations is referred to as ______.

fundamental attribution error

the expectation of reciprocity ____.

can encourage altruism.

Which of the following features were participants accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips?

A person's romantic interest in the participant A person's propensity for violence A person's sexual orientation

Which of the following summarizes the evolutionary psychology explanation of altruistic behavior?

Altruism is more likely to occur among family members, so helping a relative also means promoting the survival of the family's genes.

Which of the following is an example of the fundamental attribution error?

Antonio almost hit you with his car in the parking lot because he's a jerk, not because he couldn't see around a blind corner.

Which of the following are ways to reduce cognitive dissonance?

Change the attitude causing the dissonance. Change the behavior causing the dissonance.

Person perception is which of the following?

The processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.

Attribution theory is which of the following?

The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior, theirs as well as others

Social cognition is which of the following?

The way in which individuals think in social situations

____, which is a personality trait, is most strongly associated with prosocial behaviors.

agreeableness

According to self-perception theory, individuals often make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their own _____.

behavior

Modifying attitudes, rationalizing attitudes, and/or changing behavior are all ways to reduce what?

cognitive dissonance

What is the term for the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes?

cognitive dissonance

A persuasion tool that involves making a big pitch at the beginning of a sale is called the ____ -in-the-face technique.

door

Matt sees a painting that Ben painted and says that the painting is good because Ben is a talented artist. Matt is attributing Ben's work on the painting.to a(n) _____ cause.

internal

Which of the following neurotransmitters and/or neurohormones are associated with prosocial behavior?

oxytocin, dopamine, serotonin

____ ____ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.

person perception

____ involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or behavior.

persuasion

Greater volume in the ____ ____ cortex is positively associated with agreeableness.

posterior cingulate

_____ is the degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves.

self-esteem

In the field of social psychology, the term ____ describes an opinion or perspective that someone has towards a person, a behavior, a belief or a concept.

attitude

Elaina complained to her best friend that she lost the spelling bee because the judges were unfair and gave her all of the harder words to spell. Elaina is attributing her performance in the spelling bee to a(n) _____ cause.

external

A persuasion tool that involves making a small request at the beginning of a sale is called the ____-in-the-door technique.

foot

True or false: Infants as young as 3 to 6 months old showed a preference for looking at faces that were rated as attractive by adults.

true

True or false: The physical attractiveness of an individual delivering a message can affect how persuasive the message is.

true

What is the definition of social psychology?

the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

When we feel compassion for another person's suffering, areas of the midbrain associated with the perception of _____ are activated.

pain

What is the term for expectations about a future event or behavior that act to increase the likelihood that the event or behavior will occur?

self-fulfilling prophecies

If people think that members of a specific group lack ambition, they may treat them in a way that actually brings about a lack of ambition. What does this illustrate?

self-fulfilling prophecy

The ____ learning approach to aggression emphasizes that social and environmental conditions can teach individuals to be aggressive.

social

____ comparison is the process by which we compare ourselves to other people.

social

Sierra arrives at work late but states that it isn't her fault because there was a car accident on the highway. Sierra is attributing her lateness to a(n) _____ cause.

uncontrollable

Bill pays for Madeline's lunch and seems very happy. Madeline thinks to herself, "Bill must be in an unusually good mood today." Madeline is attributing Bill's behavior to a(n) _____ cause.

unstable