psych 123

Hallucination effects depend on

-Amount ingested -Experience with the drug -Basic emotional makeup of user -Mood and mental state at the time of use -Surroundings in which the drug is taken

Ketamine closer description

-Disassociative general anesthetic used in human and veterinary medical procedures -Very similar to PCP -Shares the same receptor site as PCP, although both have different duration of action -Ketamine is shorter than PCP -Can be crystalized by microwave from medical and dental supplies then smoked in cocaine freebase pipe or ground and snorted -Full psychedelic experience includes: --Out-of-body or near-death experience with depersonalization --Hallucinations --Delirium --Bizarre or mystical experiences

emotional side effects

-Feelings of happiness -Clarity -Peace -Pleasure -Altered perceptions without depersonalization -Nonsexual empathy for others -First few hours ecstasy forces nerve cells to release their reservoirs of serotonin into the synaptic gap, depleting vesicles in 3hours -Takes up to a week or more to produce a sufficient amount of serotonin -Excessive stimulation cause serotonin receptors to retreat causing severe depression and suicidal idealization -High-dose can result in acute anxiety

Facts and fiction about LSD

-LSD does not produce psychological or physical dependence and has only a slight chance of inducing a panic or psychotic state (providing that there is a supportive setting for the taking of LSD). -Flashback experiences, however, are potential hazards. -LSD has not been shown to elevate one's level of creativity

mental effects of indole psychedelics- LSD

-Overloads brainstem causing sensory distortions (seeing sounds, feeling smells, or hearing colors -Dreaminess -Depersonalization -Altered mood -Impaired concentration -Greatest dangers is loss of judgement & impaired reasoning -Bad Trips (acute anxiety reactions) Affects the emotional center of the brain Subject to extremes of euphoria and panic ---Not as common as once believed or dramatized

ketamine toxic side effects

-Respiratory depression -Increased heart rate and blood pressure -Belligerent Behavior -Convulsions -Coma -Major effects lasts one hour or less -Classified as a Schedule III drug

Bad trips of LSD (acute anxiety reactions)

Affects the emotional center of the brain. Subject to extremes of euphoria and panic.

what introduced heroin in the end of the nineteenth century?

Bayer Company in Germany

Effects of Peyote

Derived from tops of peyote cactus cut at ground level. Lasts approx. 12 hours. Similar to LSD with emphasis on colorful visions

dependence of indole

Does not produce compulsive use Effects of LSD tend to diminish with continued use

two types of ergot fungus

Gangrenous ergotism (St Anthony's Fire) -Marked by fever, hallucinations and rotting away of gangrenous extremities of the body Convulsive ergotism -Marked by visual and auditory hallucinations, vomiting, diarrhea & convulsions

medical usage of narcotics

In medical settings, narcotic drugs have been extremely helpful in the treatment of pain, in the treatment of dysentery, and in the suppression of coughing

five classifications of psychedelics

Indole psychedelics -LSD, psilocybin mushrooms Phenylalkyamines -Peyote, MDMA (ecstasy), Anticholingernics (belladonna, datura) -Ketamine, PCP Cannabinoids (cannabis, marijuana)

LSD not bad?

It does not damage chromosomes (though there remains a chance of birth defects if a pregnant woman ingests LSD), and a relationship between LSD abuse and violent behavior has not been established. Flashback experiences, however, are potential hazards.

serotonin- 2A

It is now known that LSD affects a subtype of brain receptors sensitive to serotonin, referred to as serotonin-2A receptors.

LSD creation

It is synthetically derived from ergot, a toxic rye fungus that has been documented as being responsible for thousands of deaths over the centuries. Albert Hofmann synthesized LSD in 1943, and Timothy Leary led the psychedelic movement that popularized LSD use in the 1960s. 1970 LSD is made a Schedule I drug. 1974, LSD considered having no therapeutic value.

no dependence with LSD

LSD does not produce psychological or physical dependence and has only a slight chance of inducing a panic or psychotic state (providing that there is a supportive setting for the taking of LSD). LSD does not elevate one's level of creativity.

indole psychedelics

LSD first extracted by Dr. Albert Hoffman (1938) 1950's LSD used for therapy for mental illness and alcoholism 1960's LSD-25 popularized by Harvard psychologists, Timmothy Leary and Richard Alpert 1970 LSD is made a Schedule I drug 1974, LSD considered having no therapeutic value Doses as low as 25 micrograms can cause mental changes Usual doses are 150-300 micrograms Effects appear 15 minutes to 1 hour after ingestion Lasts 6-8 hours Tolerance develops rapidly to psychedelic effects Lost rapidly after cessation, usually a few days Withdrawal is usually more mental and emotional Physical effects -Rise in heart rate and blood pressure -Higher body temperature -Dizziness -Dilated pupils -Sweating -User sees light trails

Hallucinogens related to serotonin (these are called indole hallucinogenics)

LSD, Psllocybin, lysergic acid amide(LAA) or morning glory seeds, DMT, and harmine

Peyote (mescaline)(Norepinephrine psychedelic)

Mescaline is the active component of the peyote cactus. Used by native Americans in ceremony. 1990, the US Supreme Court ruled that use of peyote not protected by Constitution and states can ban it.

synesthesia

Mixing of senses such as sounds appear as visions

PCP info

Originally produced as an anesthetic for humans. Only supplies now are illegal ones. Can be snorted, swallowed, smoked or injected. Acts like ketamine, only lasts longer. Low dose last 1-2 hours. Moderate dose 4-6 hours. High dose last up to 48 hours. High frequency of bad trips as well as blackouts

drugs that give Hallucinations

Other classes of drugs may produce hallucinations at high dose levels, but hallucinogens produce these effects at low or moderate dose levels

Mental effects if LSD

Overloads brainstem causing sensory distortions (seeing sounds, feeling smells, or hearing colors. Dreaminess. Depersonalization. Altered mood. Impaired concentration. Greatest dangers is loss of judgement & impaired reasoning.

miscellaneous hallucinogens (synthetic hallucinogens)

PCP, Ketamine(K), Salvia

mental illness of Indole

Proponents believe that LSD will afford the user a short cut to uncovering trauma Opponents say LSD is dangerous and can trigger psychotic episodes LSD can aggravate a preexisting mental illness

MDMA (psycho- stimulant)

Shorter acting than MDA (4-6 vs 10-12 hours). Can be snorted, swallowed or injected. Usually sold in capsules, tablets or powder. Taken at raves. First discovered in 1914, but not until 1969 was a study first published. Recommended use was for patients with repressed memories

DMT (indole psychedelic)

Similar to psilocin. South American tribes used for over 400 years as snuff. Blow into the noses through hollow reed for ceremony.Can be made in basement labs. Causes intense visual hallucinations. Lasts 30-60 minutes. Nickname is "businessman's special"

Physical and mental effects of psychedelics

Stimulate the sympathic nervous system -Causing rise in blood pressure and pulse rate -Can trigger sweating, palpitations or nausea -Interferes with dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, anandamine, alpha psychoism, and especially serotonin -Stimulation of brain stem causes overload on sensory pathways making user acutely aware of all sensation -Disruption of visual and audio centers can confuse perception

Physical and mental effects of hallucinations

Stimulate the sympathic nervous system. Causing rise in blood pressure and pulse rate. Can trigger sweating, palpitations or nausea. Interferes with dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and especially serotonin. Stimulation of brain stem causes overload on sensory pathways making user acutely aware of all sensation. Disruption of visual and audio centers can confuse perception.

salvia divinorum

a Mexican leafy herb with short- duration hallucinogenic effects when smoked, chewed, or brewed as a tea.

ketamine general discription

a club drug that produces a dream-like intoxication, accompanied by an inability to move or feel pain. It produces amnesia and potentially hazardous depression in breathing like PCP.

opiates

a form of narcotic drug that include opium and three natural components that can be extracted from it. morphine, codeine, and thebaine

MDMA

a popular club drug, but research studies indicate that it poses serious health risks to the user. Dom and MDMA are variations of the amphetamine molecule.

all arounders

act as stimulants and occasionally depressants, but mostly psychedelic. Creates illusions, delusions and hallucinations

dissociation/ depersonalization

an illusory separation of mind from body.

Magic Mushrooms

an indole psychedelic. Psilocybin and psilocin are active ingredients in mushrooms found in U.S., Mexico, South America, South Asia and Europe. Especially important for Indian cultures of Mexico and in pre-Colobian Americas. Used in ceremonies, dating back to 1000 B.C. Contained in 75 species of mushroom.Chemical structure is similar to LSD

Hallucinogens related to acetycholine

atropine, scopolamine, hyoscyamine, ibotenic acid

hallucinogens are

by definition, drugs that produce distortions of perception and of one's sense of reality...These drugs have also been called psychedelic ("mind-expanding") drugs...In some cases, users of hallucinogens feel that they have been transported to a new reality.

LSD common effects

colorful hallucinations, synesthesia in which sounds often appear as visions, a distortion of perceptual reality, emotional swings, a feeling of timelessness, and an illusory separation of mind from body.

effects of narcotic drugs like heroin

euphoria, analgesia, gastrointestinal slowing, and respiratory depression.

anticholinergic hallucinogens

have been involved in sorcery and witchcraft since the Middle Ages because they diminish the effects of acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system. contain a combination of atropine, scopolamine, and/or hyoscyamine. Sources for such drugs include the deadly nightshade plant, mandrake roots, henbane seeds, and the datura plant family.

morphine and heroin have

high abuse potential

withdrawal of heroin

intense craving for heroin, and physical symptoms such as diarrhea and dehydration. Heroin dosages are unpredictable

PCP

it reappeared in the early 1970s, in smokable forms either alone or in combination with marijuana. Extremely aggressive tendencies, as well as behaviors resembling acute schizophrenia, have been associated with PCP intoxication.

Methadone

maintenance programs focus primarily on the physiological needs of the heroin abuser, whereas therapeutic communities and support groups focus on his or her long-term reintegration into society.

Hallucinogens related to norepinephrine

mescaline, MDMA and MDA, STP

Delusions

mistaken idea that is not swayed by reason or other powerful evidence

Illusions

mistaken perception of an external stimulus

psychedelic plats

more then 400 plants. Hundreds of primitive tribes have used psychedelics for thousands of years

what is the principle active ingredient in opium?

morphine..... treated pain and chronic diseases

history of opium

opium has been used for medicinal and recreational purposes for around 5,000 years. opium was widespread in Britain and the US.

side effects of opiate- based medications

respiratory depression, intestinal spasms, and sedation.....

Hallucination

sensory experience that does not come from external stimuli

treatment for heroin abuse

short-term detoxification and long-term interventions that address the continuing craving for the drug and physical dependence factors in the body

MDMA effects

similar to amphetamines -Tightness of muscles, Muscle spasms, Clenching of teeth just before psychic effects begin to appear -Tolerance is rapid -Physical side effects include: --High body temperature --High blood pressure --Seizures

we have known that the effects of morphine and similar drugs are the result of.....

the activation of morphine-sensitive receptors in the brain. where three families of endorphins produced by the brain bind to these receptors.

Magic mushroom effects

those that have psilocybin cause nausea. while other effects include Visceral (primal) sensations. Changes in sight, taste, hearing, and touch, Altered states of consciousness. Major danger is mistaking poisonous mushrooms for those containing psilocybin

There has been great concern since the late 1990s that prescription pain relievers have been diverted to nonmedical purposes and are subject to abuse

three medications of this type are OxyContin, Vicodin, and Percocet.......More than half of young adults who have used a prescription pain reliever for nonmedical reasons report that the drug was obtained free from a friend or relative.

chronic heroin abuse is subject to

tolerance effects over time