PSYCH 160 FINAL jmu Lyons

Centration

(preoperational thinking) tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation at a time

working memory 3 parts

1. A central executive (manages the memory process) 2. A visuospatial sketchpad (for visual and spatial info) 3. A phonological loop (for verbal information)

Piaget's internalization theory

in this theory the child experiences the world and internalize what they have learned into a mental representation

Vygotsky's internalization theory

in this theory the child experiences the world with others and internalize that understanding

Executive Function

known as the controller of our conscious information processing systems along with our actions (helps solve problems)

Gross motor skills

large movement of the body I.E lifting up head

Stage 4 of birth

mother adjusts emotionally and physically to birth

stage 2 of birth

mother begins to push with contractions- baby comes out

Irreversibility

not understanding that things can be reversed. (preoperational thinking)

Static Reasoning

not understanding when things change. (preoperational thinking)

Examples of psychological tools

number systems, maps, and concepts like time

from 2-3 months to 6 months

orientation and signals toward one or more discriminated figure(s)

Metacoginiton

our ability to think about our own thinking

Circular reactions

part of sensorimotor stage, repetition of actions

Active gene-interaction

person actively seeks out aspects that match their traits

Passive gene-ineraction

person is passive- things just happen

stage 3 of birth

placenta is delivered

General Intelligence (g)

sees intelligence just as a general cognitive ability that is a part of our intellectual functioning

Disorganized attachment

shows contradictory and unusual behavior towards caregiver

Insecure Avoidant attachment

shows little emotion when caregiver leaves and comes back

Psychological tool

symbol systems that help children to deal with the world and are quite often related to communication and information

Private speech

talking through actions with ones self-- this becomes internalized as a person grows older

Insecure ambivalent attachement

tend to cling to caregiver get very upset when they leave and are angry when the caregiver comes back

Effortful control

the extent to which an infant can focus attention and show inhibitory control

Negative Affectivity

the extent to which an infant is fussy, shows anger, fear, or social discomfort

Behavioral inhibition

the extent to which an infant reacts with fear to new situations

Surgency-extraversion

the extent to which an infant seeks out new sensations

Encoding

the process by which we store info in our memory

Synaptic Pruning

the process where synapses atrophy and die

zone of proximal development

when a child moves on from one zone of development to the next through growth

goodness of fit

when your environment matches your temperament

Working memory

where info is held for a short period of time while the person works with it

Accommodation

where you edit an existing schema or create a new schema in order to deal with a new situation/idea

Fluid Intelligence

Learn and acquire new information, or drawing on new inferences from the new situation. Is quick and flexible

Vision

Least developed sense at birth

Generativity vs. stagnation

MIDDLE ADULTHOOD (40-65) finding meaning in their work/life vs. feeling like an unproductive member of society

from 6 months to 2.5 years

Maintenance of proximity to discriminated figure by means of locomotion as well as signals

hearing

Most developed sense at birth

from birth to 2-3 months

Orientation and signals with limited discrimination of figure- does not have preference for any particular person

Sensorimotor stage of development

PIAGET, first 2 years of life. All interactions with the world are based on your actions

Initiative vs. guilt

PRESCHOOL (3-5) being a "self starter" vs. feeling guilt for ones own goals

Behavioral key theorists

Pavlov and Skinner

Cognitive approach theorists

Piaget and Vygotsky

Synaptogenisis

Process of synapses being formed

Humanistic perspective key theorists

Rogers and Maslow

Industry vs. inferiority

SCHOOL AGE (5-12) Learning the task of one's society vs. a sense of inadequacy

Fine motor skills

Small movements I.E ability to move hands and fingers and grasp objects

Parenting style

The emotional climate a parent creates for their child

strange situation

The experiment used to determine what type of attachment a child has

Synapse

The gap between dendrites

Assimilation

Where you extend or add to an existing schema i.e seeing horse and calling it a dog

Egocentrism

child sees things from their point of view and have a hard time understanding other peoples view points (preoperational thinking)

Preoperational Thinkning

children at this stage are able to represent actions and objects internally but have a hard time thinking logically

Crystallized intelligence

comes from prior learning/experiences. it is more set

Fetal stage of prenatal development

covers 56 days to birth. the sex organs, cardiovascular, digestive, and excretory systems develop

Embryonic stage of prenatal development

covers days 14-56. Embryo begins to take on a more recognizable shape and organs begin to develop

Germinal stage of prenatal development

covers first 14 days. single cell zygotes are duplicated

Language Acquisition Support System

describes the way in which the environment can facilitate the development of language

primary emotions

emotions such as fear, distress, and joy

Secondary emotions

emotions such as pride, shame, and embarrasment

Evoactive gene-interactions

environment responds to a behavior that person exhibit

Cross-sequential study

Compares different groups of different ages over time

Cross sectional study

Compares different groups of people of different ages

Schema

A mental framework of concepts and ideas according to Piaget

Ego Identity vs. role confusion

ADOLESCENCE (12-18) Integration of previous experiences to form an identity vs. confusion about one's role in society

Equilibrium

An experience fits into our schema

Mesosystem

An interaction of microsystems I.E Parents with teacher

Social cognitive theory key theorists

Bandura

Macrosystem

Broader political and cultural system in which one develops I.E your economic standing, government reform

stage 1 of birth

Contractions begin

Intimacy vs. isolation

EALRY ADULTHOOD (18-40) ability to love vs. inability to form affectionate relations

Ego integrity vs. Dispair

LATE ADULTHOOD (65+) looking back on life and feeling content vs. feeling like one has done nothing

Attention

First step to taking information in To move something to working memory, you need to pay attention to it when it comes to the sensory register

Psychoanalytic perspective key theorists

Freud and Erikson

Multiple intelligences

Gardner's idea that there are a lot of skills and abilities that are culturally important and should be considered intelligences

Chronosystem

Historical time period in which a person grows up I.E growing up in the 50's compared to now

Psychoanalytic perspective

How our development is driven by the interaction between our unconscious desires and our environment

Biopsychological perspective

How physiological, genetic, neurological, and evolutionary factors interact with our environment

Behavioral Perspective

How responses to behavior increase the frequency of behavior AND how behavior becomes associated with cues in the environment

Cognitive approach perspective

How thinking develops and how the way that we think affects our behavior

Autonomy Vs. Shame

Independence and self control vs. lack of confidence

Exosystem

Institutions in which the person is not an active participant I.E Schools, churches

Socialization

They help their children learn the values, skills, and knowledge of their social context and culture

Microsystem

Those relationships the person actively takes a part in I.E one to one relationships

Longitudinal study

Tracks changes in a group of people over time

Erikson Stages

Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame Initiative vs. guilt Industry vs. Inferiority Ego identity vs. Role confusion Intimacy vs. isolation Generativity vs. stagnation Ego integrity vs. Dispair

concrete operations

a child can now think logically

Scaffolding

a knowledgable partner assists the child by giving them help as they need it and withdrawing that help as the child becomes more competent

LAD

a mental structure that helps children acquire language (Language Acquisition Device)

Teratogens

alcohol, nicotine, illicit drugs, and some viruses

Disequilibrium

an experience does not fit into our schema

Chomsky (language)

believed we had a universal grammar- humans are programed to learn language

B.F skinner (language)

believed we learned language through operant conditioning- being reinforced for the sounds they produce

A-not-B Error

can identify an object at point A but cannot understand when an object is visibly moved to point B

Secure Attachment

feel protected by caregivers, may get upset when they leave but compose themselves and continue playing

trust vs mistrust (Erikson)

first year of life. An infants attachment level to guardian figures

from 2.5 years and on

formation of goal-corrected partnership

object permanence

having difficulty understanding that an object exists even when you cannot see it

Humanistic perspective

how our desire to meet our needs and fulfill our potential drives our behavior

Social cognitive theory perspective

how our personal experiences and our environment shape our interpretations of the world around us AND how these interpretations influence our behavior