Psych 1b - Intelligence
Types of Reliability as indicated by a correlation coefficient:
-Test-retest Error over time -Split-half/Internal consistency Content error -Parallel form Time and content error -Inter-rater Time and content error
Essential feature of formal assessment: Validity
Predictive; correlates with future performance. Concurrent; most frequently used Simultaneous measurement involving a previously validated scale. Content; adequately represents al of the various elements. Face; appears appropriate. Construct; subsumes all the others. External; the standardisation is relevant to the examinee.
Bias can mean different things:
Psychometric bias and Vernacular bias
Limitations of IQ assessment implied by Flynn effect
Rising IQ: IQ has improved across generations. We are not more "intelligent" than our forebears. Not limited to improved learned knowledge. Environmental not genetic causes .
The conclusion of the Flynn Effect
Seriously challenges the assumption that IQ measures only some basic trait that depends predominantly on in-born capacities, rather than on learned skills.
Early intelligence researcher _____________ observed how intelligence appeared to run in certain families and contended that this factor must therefore be largely determined by genetic or biological factors. However, a major shortcoming of this conclusion was that he failed to take the impact of the environment into account.
Sir Francis Galton
vernacular bias
Where a test taker is disadvantaged because of unequal opportunity.
Psychometrics is the statistical study of psychological tests. The psychometric approach to intelligence tries to identify and measure the ______ that underlie individual differences in _______; in essence, it tires to provide a measurement-based map of the mind.
abilities; performance
The Flynn Effect is
about rising IQ scores.
"achievement" is designed to assess ________ _________.
acquired knowledge.
Content validity
adequately represents al of the various elements.
Face validity
appears appropriate
In theory, _____________ tests are assumed to be fairer than ____________ tests because the former are thought to depend less on prior learning and to more accurately measure a person's ability.
aptitude; achievement
According to Charles Spearman, a person's ability to do well on a test of mathematical ability and their ability to do well on a test of verbal ability would:
both come from a g factor.
Dr Delaye has developed a new test for math ability but because the test relies heavily on word problems, the test is actually a better measure of verbal comprehension. Because this test doesn't measure the concept that Dr Delaye originally intended it to, we would say that this test has poor:
construct validity.
Dr Johnson has developed a new psychological test and, after conducting some special tests on the test itself, she has determined that all of the items on the test appear to be measuring the same psychological concept. Thus, we would say that her new test has strong or high:
content validity.
Predictive validity
correlates with future performance
With regard to fluid and crystallised intelligence, research has concluded that:
crystallised intelligence improves or remains stable with age but fluid intelligence appears to decline in late adulthood.
Rising IQ" as described by James Flynn means that:
current cohorts score higher on older tests than on most recent tests
Raven Progressive Matrices are designed to measure:
fluid intelligence.
The Wechsler intelligence tests provide five summary scores. Which type of summary score is calculated by adding up the scores on all of the separate subtests?
full-scale
Charles Spearman's g factor refers to:
general intelligence.
Compared to mild forms of mental retardation, profound forms of mental retardation are more likely to be caused by:
genetic accidents
Validity is
how well a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
Robert Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence states that:
intelligence is whatever is required to meet the adaptive demands of a given culture.
The Flynn Effect implies that "intelligence" today as measured by IQ,
is qualitatively different from "intelligence" in the past.
The Psychometric Approach attempts to
map the structure of intellect and to discover the kinds of mental competencies that underlie test performance.
An IQ test is valid depending on
matching the test to the goal of testing
Factor Analysis is used to find items that correlate with one another. if the items 'cluster' mathematically - then performance on these tests probably reflects the same underlying ______ skills.
mental
Concurrent validity
most frequently used Simultaneous measurement involving a previously validated scale.
A bell-shaped distribution with most scores clustering around the centre of the curve is called a _______________ distribution.
normal
In contrast to the first intelligence tests, modern IQ tests provide a score based on norms that represent a:
person's performance relative to the scores of other people his or her own age.
LL Thurstone believed that intelligence was made up of seven distinct abilities, which he called:
primary mental abilities
IQ tests are a mixture; but are widely held to depend less on _______ _________ and more on ability to problem solve.
prior knowledge
"Aptitude" should not depend on _____ ________.
prior knowledge.
The ____________ approach to intelligence attempts to study the structure of the intellect and is interested in determining such things as the number of mental abilities responsible for test performance.
psychometric
Emotional Intelligence is the ability to
read others' emotions accurately, to respond to them appropriately, to motivate oneself, to be aware of one's own emotions, and to regulate and control one's own emotional responses.
When we refer to a test as having strong ___________, we are essentially saying that the test has good consistency.
reliability
According to the text, intelligence is best described as a:
socially constructed concept that can mean different things to different people.
The Cognitive Processes Approach studies the
specific thought processes that underlie those mental competencies.
The goal in static testing is to:
standardise test-taking situations.
Construct validity
subsumes all the others.
Which of the following attempts to study the processes that underlie mental competencies?
the cognitive processes approach.
One of the reasons that William Stern's original formula for calculating IQ was abandoned was that
the ratio worked well for children but not for older adults
External validity
the standardisation is relevant to the examinee.
The concept of __________ refers to how well a test measures what it is intended to measure, and ____________ specifically assesses whether the items on a test measure all the knowledge or skills that are assumed to be part of the construct measured by a test.
validity; content validity
Charles Spearman's g factor conception of intelligence and LL Thurstone's primary mental abilities conception of intelligence are similar in that they:
were both based on the same correlations between mental tasks measured by IQ tests.
Psychometric bias
where a test makes systematic errors when predicting an outcome for different groups.
Why are IQ tests useful?
-Accurately identifies learning disability. -Predicts academic achievement moderately well. -Predicts work achievements moderately well. -Tests have high test-retest reliability. -Tests are not biased. -Identifies a highly stable individual characteristic. -IQ even correlates with mortality!
The conclusion of the Flynn Effect
-IQ is not a pure measure of inborn abilities. -IQ may tap inborn capacities. -IQ certainly tests cultural background.
Two assumptions made by __________ in his work on intelligence are that mental abilities develop with age and that the rate of developmental change is relatively constant for a given individual.
Alfred Binet
Two assumptions made by __________ in his work on intelligence are that mental abilities develop with age and that the rate of developmental change is relatively constant for a given individual. Sir Francis Galton Lewis Terman Alfred Binet William Stern
Alfred Binet
The Flynn Effect suggest that reasons for this improvement in IQ scores is becuase of
Environmental Circumstances: improved education, expanding technologies, reduction to family size, more sophisticated test-taking behaviours, improved nutrition and changes to the way we think, with more emphasis on abstract, rather than concrete, thinking processes.
Which of the following intelligence tests was given to soldiers who could not read?
Army Beta
Which of the following individuals has had the largest impact on modern-day tests of IQ?
David Wechsler
The consequences of the Flynn Effect are:
Distinction between IQ and intelligence. Frequent test recalibration necessary. Improved psychological theory essential. Individual and group differences could reflect different developmental reactions to environmental opportunities.
The concept of emotional intelligence is most strongly related to which of the following?
Howard Gardner's concepts of interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence
Janet recently scored very high on a test of verbal ability. According to Spearman's g factor:
Janet is also likely to score high on other tests of intelligence.
Emotional Intelligence was devised by
John Mayer & Peter Salovey
Alfred Binet made which of the following assumptions when developing his intelligence measure?
Mental abilities develop with age and the constant rate of this development is an internal characteristic of the person.