PSYCH 1F03 QUIZTERM

B

Galton measured reaction times in order to determine a person's underlying intelligence. What was wrong with this approach? A) There are many different kinds of intelligence, and reaction time is only one of them. B) This test evaluates only reaction time, which is not a valid way to assess a person's intelligence. C) Intelligence is based on genetic contributions, so this test of reaction to the environment is not valid. D) This test is not reliable because it doesn't actually measure intelligence.

D

How can the increased likelihood of overdose when frequent drug users administer drugs outside of their usual environment be explained using classical conditioning? A) The US (drug use) is no longer paired with the UR (compensatory response). B) The CS (compensatory response) is no longer paired with the US (drug use). C) The CS (environment) is no longer paired with the US (drug use) to trigger the compensatory response. D) The CS (environment) is not present to trigger the CR (compensatory response).

B

How does classical conditioning facilitate homeostasis? A) Compensatory responses can generalize to more stimuli, making a contingency more resistant to extinction. B) When we learn what cues predict danger, our bodies can respond to the danger earlier by responding to the cues. C) Our bodies get faster and faster at counter-adaptations the more we use a drug, because we can process the chemicals faster. D) We can stop producing insulin right before we finish a meal because our body gets used to the portion sizes we eat.

A

Jean-Marc conducts an experiment testing the relationship between the duration of sleep and memory performance. Which of the following most accurately represents a specific hypothesis that Jean-Marc will be testing? A) A longer duration of sleep results in more accurate memory performance. B) Duration of sleep affects memory performance. C) Duration of sleep is affected by several internal factors, including memory performance. D) Memory performance is affected by several external factors.

C

Luc collects data on the shoe size of all the boys in his class. He finds that shoe sizes are similar, except one very large datapoint. Which measure of central tendency should Luc use to best describe his population? A) Range B) Mean C) Median D) T-value

C

Noura was confused as to why her father would sip his hot tea when she would always gulp down her drinks. When her father offered her some tea, Noura took a big gulp of it just like any other drink and burned her tongue. Her father explained that hot drinks cannot be gulped down and now Noura sips hot drinks but still gulps other drinks. According to Piaget, what occurred? A) Noura developed an entirely new schema for drinking. B) Noura assimilated the new information presented. C) Noura had to accommodate for the new information presented. D) Noura created a contingency between gulping hot drinks and pain.

A

What is the function of compensatory responses in maintaining homeostasis? A) The body can produce compensatory responses in anticipation of an unconditioned stimulus. B) Compensatory responses make drug overdoses less likely in familiar environments. C) In response to changing environments, compensatory responses change the body's homeostatic state. D) Compensatory responses allow the body to combat stress by moving away from homeostasis.

D

What is the major role of Broca's area in language development? A) Production of underextensions. B) Comprehension of speech. C) Comprehension of linguistic concepts and metaphors. D) Production of language.

A

What is the purpose of random assignment? A) Random assignment allows us to compare between different conditions of the experiment. B) Random assignment allows us to eliminate subject bias. C) Random assignment allows us to eliminate experimenter bias. D) Random assignment allows us to generalize our result to the whole population being sampled from.

C

What term is used for an experiment where the same participants make up each condition? A) Case studies B) Between-subjects design C) Within-subjects design D) Random assignment

B

Which of the following abilities does NOT tell us about a person's intelligence? A) A person's ability to learn a new skill. B) A person's ability to focus on a new task. C) A person's ability to perform the duties of day-to-day life. D) A person's ability to learn from their mistakes.

C

Which of the following best defines a reinforcer? A) Anything that increases the frequency of a behaviour. B) The removal of a negative stimulus, which increases a behaviour. C) Anything that changes the frequency of a behaviour. D) A reward, which increases a behaviour.

A

Which of the following best describes a method to avoid subject bias? A) Giving the control group a mock treatment, so they are unaware of which condition they are in B) Keeping the experimenter blind to conditions, to avoid participants receiving verbal cues from the experimenter C) Exposing the experimental groups to the manipulated variable, so they are aware of which condition they are in D) Explain the hypothesis prior to the experiment, so participants are aware of potential biases they may have

C

Which of the following best describes inductive reasoning? A) Inductive reasoning states that the simplest explanation is the best explanation. B) Inductive reasoning is "top down", and moves from a broad to a narrow conclusion. C) Inductive reasoning uses a specific observation to generalize. D) Inductive reasoning has no place in scientific research, as it doesn't follow the scientific method.

B

Which of the following best describes omission training? A) A contingency is learned randomly, without the careful guidance of an instructor. B) Eliminating a positive reinforcer when the behaviour occurs in order to decrease the behaviour. C) A contingency is unlearned when the reinforcer no longer follows the behaviour. D) Eliminating a negative reinforcer when the behaviour occurs in order to increase the behaviour.

D

Which of the following best describes the rate at which a contingency is learned during classical conditioning training trials? A) After a break in training, there is usually an increase in the conditioned response. B) The rate of acquisition is linear: the more trials, the more is learned. C) Learning occurs quickly at first, but the response is unlearned if too many trials occur. D) A lot of learning occurs quickly, and then rate of learning slows over time.

D

Which of the following best describes the role of genetics and the environment using twin studies? A) Looking at fraternal twins who were raised separately can better explain the impact of the environment, compared to assessing identical twins. B) IQ is highly correlated with identical twins (r=0.6) rather than fraternal twins (r=0.8). C) IQ is highly correlated with fraternal twins (r=0.6) rather than identical twins (r=0.8). D) Looking at identical twins who were raised separately can better explain the impact of the environment, compared to assessing fraternal twins.

B

Which of the following best represents the typical rate of acquisition for a contingency? A) Positively accelerated increasing function B) Negatively accelerated increasing function C) Positively accelerated decreasing function D) Negatively accelerated decreasing function

C

Which of the following best supports the innate mechanism theory? A) Three year old Rachel will often say, "We drived in Mommy's car"; Her mother is just learning English and will often misuse grammar rules. B) Despite being born into a single-mother household, baby Lidia's first word was "Dada"; this suggests an innate predisposition for the word associated with father. C) Baby Nancy seems to prefer to listen to her mother speak rather than listen to the sounds of her cooking. D) Swavek, a child who as born congenitally deaf, signs using grammar associated with his parent's native language suggesting an innate predisposition for grammar.

C

Which of the following correctly describes a limitation or strength of using a measure of central tendency? A) The median is susceptible to outliers, as very small or very large numbers change where the middle falls. B) The mode is susceptible to outliers, as very small or very large numbers can change where the middle falls. C) The mode is most effective when using non-numerical data sets, as the data point that occurs most often can be calculated with categorical data. D) The mean is most effective when using non-numerical data sets, as the average will indicate the most common selection.

C

Which of the following correctly describes an experiment? A) Experiments utilize the correlation coefficient, which is a measure of the relatedness between two variables. B) Experiments are used to determine the strength of the relationship between two variables. C) Experiments utilize independent variables, which describes the condition the experimenter places the subject in. D) Experiments are used to determine the effect the manipulated variable has on the independent variables.

C

Which of the following correctly describes an extinction trial? A) Presenting a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus and eliciting a conditioned response. B) Presenting the unconditioned response without the conditioned response. C) Presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. D) Presenting the unconditioned stimulus without a conditioned response.

A

Which of the following correctly describes transparent orthographies? A) The more transparent orthographies a language contains, the fewer associations between letters and phonemes must be learned. B) Children learning to read languages with few transparent orthographies have a much easier time as a result of each letter always making the same sound. C) The English language does not contain any transparent orthographies, and each letter has at least two different phonemes associated with it. D) Sign language that contains only one sign for each letter is not comprised of any transparent orthographies.

A

For which schedules of reinforcement can we use slope to determine frequency of response rates? A) Variable Ratio and Variable Interval B) Variable Ratio and Fixed Interval C) Fixed Ratio and Variable Interval D) Fixed Ratio and Fixed Interval

D

A marathon runner became conditioned over several races to receive a helpful adrenaline boost upon hearing a starting pistol. When the runner retired, they sought therapy to remove the contingency, as loud noises gave them unwanted adrenaline boosts. Now, coming out of retirement, they wish the contingency was never extinguished. Which phenomenon would help the runner receive their adrenaline boosts again? A) Stimulus Discrimination B) Systematic Desensitization C) Extinction D) Spontaneous Recovery

B

A mouse is placed in a cage with a closed door and food pellets on a dish outside. To open the door and get to the food, the mouse must press either the green or red button but not the blue button. After many trials, which of the following pair of behaviours will eventually be stamped out? A) Pressing the green button, and pressing the red button B) Pressing the blue button, and scratching the cage door C) Pressing the red button, and pressing the blue button D) Pressing the green button, and scratching the door

C

A statistician notices that the distribution of her data is flat and spread out around a central point. Which measure would she use to quantify this? A) Correlation, which is a measure of variability B) Correlation, which is a measure of central tendency C) Standard deviation, which is a measure of variability D) Standard deviation, which is a measure of central tendency

B

According to the textbook, which of the following is the most accurate example of an overregularization in the form of telegraphic speech in children? A) A child is feeling very hungry and when his mother passes by, the child screams "Mommy hungry!" B) A child accidentally broke a vase of flowers and when asked about what happened by her mother, she responds "Glass breaked!" C) A child is experiencing teething pain and when asked where the pain is coming from, he responds "Teeths!" D) A child with a pet dog was introduced to a cat for the first time, at which point she proclaimed "Dog!"

A

According to the textbook, which of the following scenarios best exemplifies a type I error? A) Dr. Watson diagnoses Samantha with depression, when she does not qualify as clinically depressed. B) Adam calculates a p-value of 0.1, but his experimental and control populations are actually different. C) After analyzing the results of her experiment, Sierra determines that the antimicrobial chemical triclosan does not disrupt pregnancy in mice, when in fact it does. D) Morgan has bipolar disorder, but her psychiatrist has incorrectly diagnosed her and says she does not.

A

After suffering a painful bite from a huge dog as a child, Michelle developed a fear of dogs. When Michelle's father bought a puppy, Michelle would show a fear response every time the puppy would come near her. Over time, as Michelle played with the puppy, Michelle's fear response began to reduce. What would you predict would happen if Michelle now ran into a huge dog while out for her morning walk? A) The presence of the CS would elicit the CR once again. B) No fear response would occur, as the phobia-causing contingency was unlearned. C) The CS+ predicts the absence of pain and, therefore, would elicit no fear response. D) The contingency between CR and UR will recover.

B

After suffering a painful bite from a huge dog as a child, Nicole developed a fear of dogs. When Nicole's father bought a puppy, Nicole would show a fear response every time the puppy would come near her. Over time, as Nicole played with the puppy, Nicole's fear response began to reduce. Which of the following best explains why Nicole's fear response is decreasing? A) The puppy became a CS+ for pain. B) Extinction by learning an inhibitory contingency between dog and pain. C) Extinction by unlearning the dog_pain contingency. D) The small puppy is far from a big dog on the generalization gradient.

D

An experiment was conducted to test reaction times to visual stimuli. As soon as a specific cue appeared on screen, participants would have to press a key on the keyboard. In 5 separate trials under the same condition, the reaction times for a subject were 5s, 1s, 2s, 9s, and 4s. What is the reliability and validity of this experiment? A) Neither reliable or valid. B) Both reliable and valid. C) Reliable, but not valid. D) Valid, but not reliable.

A

At the circus, Marina saw a horse for the first time. She was then kicked by a black horse and is now petrified. Which of the following would elicit the greatest amount of fear for Marina? A) A brown donkey B) A brown cat C) A gray dog D) A black barn

A

Filip was bitten by a poisonous orange snake when he was a young boy, and since then is petrified of all snakes. If we assume snakes of other colours are harmless, which of the following best describes the use of discrimination training to target Filip's fear response? A) Filip should be presented with harmless snakes and taught to relax, followed by sessions in which an orange snake is presented with a fear response intact. B) Filip should be presented with harmless snakes repeatedly to help remove his fear of snakes completely. C) Filip should take anti-anxiety medication before the trip to reduce his anxiety when presented with all the snakes. D) Filip should be gradually presented with snakes varying in colour so he learns that none of them are harmful.

D

Dr. Chen conducts an experiment exploring his hypothesis that individuals are more likely to socialize with other people in a waiting room that are of similar ethnicity. He observes his experimental (similar ethnicity) and control (dissimilar ethnicity) groups who think they are just waiting for the experimenter, and records the number of genuine social interactions. Which of the following is a potential issue of concern in Dr. Chen's experimental design? A) Control Bias. B) Design Bias. C) Subject Bias. D) Experimenter Bias.

B

Eating spoiled food that causes you to feel sick best exemplifies which type of instrumental conditioning? A) Omission B) Punishment C) Escape D) Reward

A

Experiments testing the latent learning phenomenon demonstrated a distinction between learning and performance using rats. In both conditions, rats were placed in a maze. One of these conditions had food in the goal box from the beginning, while the other had food added to the empty goal box midway through the experiment. According to the textbook, which of the following statements best describes their findings? A) Under both conditions, the rats were learning, but there was no need for the group given the reward later to perform like the group given the reward from the beginning. B) Rats trained with a reward from the beginning performed better than the rats that were given a reward later. C) Under both conditions, the rats were learning, but the group given a reward from the beginning learned more and performed better. D) Rats trained with a reward from the beginning performed worse than the rats that were given a reward later.

B

Piotr conducted an experiment exploring whether participants are faster to detect targets if they are flashed at the top or bottom of the screen. According to the textbook, for this within-subjects design experiment, what is the independent variable? A) The likelihood that participants will respond faster to one type of target. B) Whether the target is being flashed on the top or bottom of the screen. C) The amount of time it takes to detect each type of target. D) Whether the subject has been assigned to the condition in which the targets flash at the top of the screen or the condition in which the targets flash at the bottom of the screen.

D

Rob and Evan want to train their cat in a robust manner. Rob is in favour of using continuous reinforcement. Evan believes an FR-1 schedule would be more effective. Who is correct? A) Both are correct; it would be counterproductive to choose a partial interval schedule. B) Rob is correct; continuous schedules of reinforcement lead to longer lasting learning. C) Evan is correct; partial schedules of reinforcement lead to longer lasting learning. D) Neither are correct; both schedules will have equally low robustness.

A

Paige believes energy drinks will improve memory performance. If Paige's t-test yields a p-value of 0.1, which of the following best describes what she can safely conclude? A) Although the experimental manipulation did not significantly affect the dependent variable measured, the finding may be meaningful and worth reporting. B) The experimental manipulation affected the dependent variable measured and statistical significance was reached, disproving her hypothesis. C) Although the experimental manipulation affected the dependent variable measured, statistical significance was not reached, lending support to her hypothesis. D) The experimental manipulation did not affect the dependent variable measured, but statistical significance was reached, lending support to her hypothesis.

D

Sam was training her new puppy to use the litter box. Every time the puppy properly used the litter box, Sam would give him a treat. When Sam took the puppy over to the neighbors for a play-date with their dogs, he used their litter box but did not receive a treat. After several play-dates, the puppy stopped using their litter box all together and did his business anywhere in their house. What best explains the puppy's change in behaviour? A) The neighbors house became the SD. B) Sam's litter box became the SD. C) Sam's house became the S-Delta. D) The neighbor's litter box became the S-Delta.

C

Shanta is interested in the relationship between the quality of shoes and running speed. Which of the following best represents a theory Shanta will be investigating? A) Running speed is affected by the quality of shoes. B) The quality of shoes is affected by an individual's running speed. C) Running speed is affected by external factors. D) Higher quality shoes result in a faster running speed.

A

The CR is best described as which of the following? A) The acquired reaction triggered once the pairing of two events or objects has occurred. B) The initial reaction that is triggered through natural events. C) The event or object that is paired with the naturally occurring stimuli. D) The acquired reaction triggered by a naturally occurring event or object.

D

What is deductive reasoning? A) The use of empirical evidence to come to a specific conclusion. B) The use of critical thinking to come to a specific conclusion. C) The use of subjective observations to come to a specific conclusion. D) The use of current knowledge to come to a specific conclusion.

D

What is the difference between a within-subject design and between-subject design? A) A between-subject design has multiple IVs, while a within-subject design only has one IV. B) A between-subject design is a double-blind experiment, while a within-subject design is a blind experiment. C) A between-subject design uses a randomly selected sample, while a within-subject design does not. D) A between-subject design uses different participants for each manipulation group, while a within-subject design uses the same participants in all groups.

D

Which of the following examples BEST explains the mechanism of extinction? A) After extinction, presenting a US may elicit a response. This spontaneous recovery explains how extinction may involve unlearning contingencies. B) After extinction, presenting a US may elicit a response. This spontaneous recovery reveals how extinction and acquisition are two different contingencies. C) After extinction, presenting a CS may elicit a response. This spontaneous recovery explains how extinction may involve unlearning contingencies. D) After extinction, presenting a CS may elicit a response. This spontaneous recovery explains how extinction and acquisition are two different contingencies.

D

Which of the following examples best provides evidence AGAINST the Whorf-Sapir hypothesis? A) Wid's native language can describe blue with 3 different shades. Thus, Wid categorizes many different shades of blue into three groups. B) Amy is very knowledgeable about dogs and is able to describe 5 different breeds. Using this knowledge, Amy is able to categorize dogs into their respective genders. C) Liam can only describe senior female relatives as "auntie" as he does not know his extended family personally. D) Brij's mother only knows to refer to all sweet liquids as syrups. Regardless, she understands the difference between honey, maple syrup, and compote.

B

Which of the following is NOT true of universal phoneme sensitivity? A) Adults would be able to discriminate more phonemes if they were taught multiple languages as infants. B) Adults' abilities to discriminate phonemes worsens with age. C) Infants can discriminate more phonemes than adults. D) Infants' abilities to discriminate phonemes worsens by 10 months of age.

B

Which of the following is a true statement regarding hypothesis testing? A) A correlation coefficient (r) of -1.0 indicates that two variables are not strongly correlated with each other. B) The result of a t-test produces the probability of achieving the same results even if there is only one distribution underlying both groups in the experiment. C) A p-value is the probability that an observed difference is due to manipulation of the independent variable. D) A correlation coefficient (r) of 1.0 suggests that variable A is the cause of the observed change in variable B.

B

Which of the following is an example of a single morpheme? A) The word "speaking". B) The word "masculine". C) /s/ in the word "mouse". D) /exam/ in the word "example".

A

Which of the following is the best example of discrimination? A) Katie accidentally touched a burning hot pan and now refuses to use that brand of pans as a result of her fear towards them, but is not afraid of other pans or her stove. B) Manesh was attacked by several bees and now has a severe fear of bees and a mild fear to all other insects, except he is no longer afraid of mosquitoes. C) Matthew was bitten by a pit bull dog as a child and now has a severe fear of pit bull dogs, a moderate fear towards boxer dogs and bulldogs, and a mild fear towards all other dogs. D) Marta received an electric shock from the electrical outlet in her bedroom and now has a severe fear towards electrical outlets, but does not fear power cords.

D

Which of the following is the best example of omission training? A) Mark was forced to do more chores because he was being mean to his sister. B) Taylor did not have to take out the garbage for completing her homework on time. C) Sean was asked to help pick up trash after school by the principle. D) Gina was not allowed to eat dessert for failing to complete her homework.

B

Which of the following is true of segmentation research? A) Infants who showed strong segmentation skills later in life knew many expressive words at age two--a strong negative correlation. B) Infants who showed strong segmentation skills early in life knew many expressive words at age two--a strong positive correlation. C) Infants who showed strong segmentation skills early in life knew many expressive words at age two--a strong negative correlation. D) Infants who showed strong segmentation skills early in life knew fewer expressive words at age two--a strong positive correlation.

B

Which of the following is true regarding intelligence testing? A) Howard Gardner believed in eight different intelligences, which are all reliant on each other. B) The Wechsler Scale of Intelligence standardized IQ, such that the mean is always equal to 100. C) The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test was originally designed to test for a general intelligence known as "g" . D) Francis Galton argued that those with faster reaction time had higher levels of intelligence, which was a biased measure.

B

Which of the following is true regarding language structure? A) The world elephants contains 1 phoneme and 7 morphemes. B) The word keychains contains 3 morphemes and 6 phonemes. C) The word elephants contains 1 morpheme and 7 phonemes. D) The word keychains contains 3 phonemes and 6 morphemes.

B

Which of the following is true with regard to intelligence testing? A) Since IQ scores are standardized, a raw score of 120 will always correspond to a standardized score of 120. B) The mean IQ for the population is always 100 because IQ is standardized. C) The standardized mean IQ score in the population has been steadily increasing since it was first measured in 1932. D) The Flynn Effect refers to the observation that the average raw IQ score has not changed since first measured in 1932.

A

Which of the following reinforcement schedules is most resistant to extinction? A) VR-6 B) VR-2 C) FR-2 D) FR-6

C

Which of the following statements about experiments is FALSE? A) In an experiment, the dependent variable is what the scientist is observing. B) Experiments are scientific tools used to measure the effect of one variable on another. C) In an experiment, the scientist observes how the dependant variable affects the independent variable. D) In an experiment, the scientist manipulates the independent variable.

D

Which of the following statements about intelligence testing is most correct? A) Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences proposes that the categories of intelligence will often be correlated. B) The study of intelligence began with the idea that there is one single type of intelligence. C) The average standardized score on the Weschler scale has increased to 100 over the past 80 years. D) Reaction time to sensorimotor tasks was one considered a representation of intelligence.

C

Which of the following statements best describes perceptual narrowing? A) The pattern of perceptual narrowing suggests that the ability to discriminate between phonemes does not diminish with age. B) The pattern of perceptual narrowing suggests that an innate basis for phoneme discrimination is unlikely. C) The pattern of perceptual narrowing suggests that there exists an innate basis for phoneme discrimination that is influenced by experience in infancy. D) The pattern of perceptual narrowing suggests that phoneme discrimination is solely influenced by innate mechanisms.

D

Which of the following statements is correct? A) All children exposed to the n-back test video game demonstrated increased working memory function. B) In a 2008 experiment, test and control group attained higher scores on subsequent intelligence testing. C) Lowering n and therefore increasing the frequency of matches can increase the difficulty of the n-back test. D) Individuals using the knowledge trainer demonstrated no preserved increases in fluid intelligence.

D

Which of the following statements regarding anecdotal or experimental evidence is true? A) Anecdotal evidence is sufficient for making scientific conclusions. B) Experimental evidence is always collected through mimicking a real-life environment. C) Anecdotal evidence is more generalizable because it is based on real-life experience. D) Experimental evidence leads to more concrete cause-and-effect conclusions.

B

Which of the following symptoms results from the body trying to restore homeostasis with a conditioned response? A) Kris drank juice at a party that he knew had alcohol. Interestingly, he only felt slightly intoxicated. B) Bobby recently switched to decaffeinated coffee after 10 years, and reports being more tired after drinking the decaffeinated coffee than before drinking it. C) Donna drinks an energy drink when studying for exams because it helps her stay awake longer than any other food or drink will. D) Every time Alyssa drinks coffee, she becomes alert and less sleepy.

C

Which of the following training styles is matched correctly to its intended goal? A) Presentation of a positive reinforcer to decrease the frequency of a behaviour. B) Presentation of a negative reinforcer to increase the frequency of a behaviour. C) Removal of a positive reinforcer to decrease the frequency of a behaviour. D) Removal of negative reinforcer to decrease the frequency of a behaviour.

C

Which statement about extinction is true? A) During spontaneous recovery, the inhibitory contingency is unlearned. B) After many presentations, the CS will elicit the same level of CR as when first presented. C) If the CS is observed prior to the US following extinction, the CR may be elicited once again. D) During extinction, the original contingency is unlearned.

A

Which statement regarding the various research techniques is true? A) Questionnaires can be used to gather data that is unattainable through other means. B) Case studies are interesting but provide no direct evidence for a theory. C) Experiments do not allow for practical cause and effect conclusions. D) Direct observation is an accurate representation of people's behaviours and intentions.

D

Why does stimulus generalization occur? A) More than one US resembles the UR. B) More than one US elicits a UR. C) More than one CS resembles the US. D) More than one CS elicits a CR.

C

Why is discrimination important for animal? A) Discrimination helps decrease the number of CS- in the environment. B) Discrimination is required to prevent generalization. C) Discrimination is necessary to prevent costly responses to a variety of stimuli that are similar to the CS, but do not predict the presence of the US. D) Discrimination is needed to detect predators.

A

With regard to research methods, which statement is correct? A) A within subject design is subject to confounding effects, such as the practice effect. B) To test a hypothesis, scientists use an experiment to manipulate the dependent variable in a theory. C) Control groups are useful because it is within these groups you can examine the effect of experimental manipulations. D) Hypotheses are useful because they provide a general theory that can be used to make testable predictions.