Psych 202 Exam 2

Gardner

Argued that there are multiple intelligences, each linked to a separate and independent system within the brain.

Binet

Suggested that we might assess children's intelligence based on their mental age.

Loftus

Claimed that memories can be distorted by later misinformation.

Lepper

Conducted a study on the effects of reward on coloring behavior in children.

Skinner

Interested in the effects of reward and punishment on future behavior.

Wechsler

Name of the scale used to measure intelligence.

Stereotype Threat

The idea that cultural stereotypes affect performance.

True

True or False? Nature and nurture work together intimately in intelligence.

1

What FR is continuous reinforcement equivalent to?

Eyewitness transference, Cross race identification, and Presence of a weapon

What are 3 factors that can cause memory distortions in eyewitness testimony?

Context, State, & Mood-dependent retrieval cues

What are the 3 main types of retrieval cues?

Sensory memory, Working or Short-term memory, and Long-term memory

What are the 3 types of memory involved in the information-processing model?

Conditioned stimulus (CS), Unconditioned stimulus (UCS), Conditioned response (CR), Unconditioned response (UCR)

What are the 4 components of classical conditioning?

(1.) Understand the problem, (2.) Make a plan, (3.) Carry out the plan, (4.) Look back

What are the 4 steps in effective problem solving?

Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, Spatial, Musical, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, and Naturalistic

What are the 8 types of intelligence that Gardner proposes?

Componential (Analytic) intelligence, Experiential (Creative) intelligence, and Contextual (Practical) intelligence

What are the three kinds of human intelligence involved in the Triarchic theory of intelligence?

Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval

What are the tree steps of memory?

Fluid intelligence and Crystallized intelligence

What are the two types of general intelligence?

Functional fixedness and Mental set

What are two impediments to problem solving?

Reliability and Validity

What two things must an IQ test show?

Orbitofrontal cortex

Which part of the brain contributes to decision making?

Cattell

Who proposed that there are two types of general intelligence?

Sternberg

Who proposed the Triarchic model of intelligence?

Binet

Who proposed the concept of mental age?

Positive punishment

a consequence that eliminates or reduces the frequency of a behavior by applying an aversive stimulus.

Forgetting

a decrease in the ability to remember a previously formed memory.

Anterograde amnesia

a disorder that prevents the retention of new information.

Mental set

a fixed tendency to continue to use the same old method for problem solving even though another approach might be better.

Deductive reasoning

a form of reasoning in which one goes from general knowledge to specific knowledge.

Inductive reasoning

a form of reasoning in which one goes from specific knowledge to general knowledge.

Semantic memory

a general knowledge memory.

Discrimination

a learned ability to distinguish between stimuli.

Specific intelligence (s)

a measure of an individual's intelligence in specific abilities as opposed to overall intelligence.

General intelligence (g)

a measure of an individual's overall intelligence as opposed to specific abilities.

Episodic memory

a memory for personal experience.

Positive reinforcement

a method for increasing behaviors by providing a desired outcome.

Negative reinforcement

a method for increasing behaviors that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence.

Negative punishment

a method for reducing behaviors by removing something desirable whenever the target behavior occurs.

Functional fixedness

a possible barrier to successful problem solving in which a concept is considered only in its most typical form.

Algorithm

a precise, step-by-step set of rules that will reliably generate a solution to a problem.

Conditioned reinforcer

a reinforcer that gains value from being associated with other things that are valued. Also known as a secondary reinforcer.

Prototype

a representation of a category formed by averaging all members of the category.

Conditioned response (CR)

a response learned through classical conditioning.

Unconditioned response (UCR)

a response to an unconditioned stimulus that requires no previous experience.

Recognition heuristic

a rule of thumb in which a higher value is placed on the more easily recognized alternative.

Representativeness heuristic

a rule of thumb in which stimuli similar to a prototype are believed to be more likely than stimuli that are dissimilar to a prototype.

Availability heuristic

a rule of thumb in which the frequency of an event's occurrence is predicted by the ease with which the event is brought to mind.

Affect heuristic

a rule of thumb in which we choose between alternatives based on emotional or "gut" reactions to stimuli.

Fixed ratio (FR) schedule

a schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs following a set number of behaviors.

Variable ratio (VR) schedule

a schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs following some variable number of behaviors.

Fixed interval (FI) schedule

a schedule of reinforcement in which the first response following a specified interval will be reinforced.

Variable interval (VI) schedule

a schedule of reinforcement in which the first response following a varying period of time is reinforced.

Heuristic

a shortcut to problem solving; also known as a "rule of thumb".

Habituation

a simple form of learning in which reactions to repeated stimuli that are unchanging and harmless decrease.

Problem

a situation in which a current state is separated from an ideal state by obstacles.

Exemplar

a specific member of a category used to represent the category.

Cue

a stimulus that aids retrieval

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

a stimulus that elicits a response without any prior experience.

Operant conditioning

a type of learning in which associations are formed between behaviors and their outcomes.

Classical Conditioning

a type of learning in which associations are formed between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time.

Primary reinforcer

a type of reinforcer that is effective due to its natural role in survival, such as food.

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

an environmental event whose significance is learned through classical conditioning.

Working memory

an extension of the concept of short-term memory that includes the active manipulation of multiple types of information simultaneously.

Natural concepts

casual or fuzzy concepts that do not have a precise set of properties, i.e., automobiles.

Explicit memory

consciously retrieved memories that are easy to verbalize, which include semantic, episodic, and autobiographical information.

Spontaneous recovery

during extinction training, the reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of rest.

Artificial concepts

formal concepts that can be clearly defined by a set of rules, i.e., fruit.

Higher order (i.e., second order) conditioning

learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicit conditioned responding.

Observational learning

learning that occurs when an organism watches the actions of another. Also known as social learning or modeling.

Spearman

proposed that general intelligence (g) underlies all mental abilities and specific intelligence (s) focuses on specific abilities.

Autobiographical memory

semantic or episodic memories that reference the self.

Schema

set of expectations about objects and situations.

Crystallized intelligence

the ability to think logically using specific learned knowledge.

Fluid intelligence

the ability to think logically without the need to use learned knowledge.

Reliability

the dependability or consistency of a measurement instrument.

Levels of processing

the depth (shallow to deep) of processing applied to information that predicts its ease of retrieval.

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

the enhancement of communication between two neurons resulting from their synchronous activation.

Validity

the extent to which a given test assesses what it is supposed to measure

Biological preparedness

the idea that people and animals are inherently inclined to form associations between certain stimuli and responses.

Thorndike's Law of Effect

the idea that the outcome shapes the behavior.

Retrograde amnesia

the loss of memories of past events.

Factor analysis

the process of searching for similarity across different aspects of intelligence.

Percentile

the proportion of persons whose score fall below a given score, multiplied by 100.

Retrieval

the recovery of stored information.

Extinction

the reduction of a learned response; in classical conditioning, occurs when the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned stimulus; in operant conditioning, occurs when the consequence no longer follows the learned behavior.

Partial reinforcement

the reinforcement of a desired behavior on some occasions but not others.

Storage

the retention of information.

Generalization

the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus.

Encoding

the transformation of information from one form to another.

Problem solving

the use of information to meet a specific goal.

Implicit memory

unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memories that are difficult to verbalize, including memories for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming.

Utility theory

we compute the expected outcomes of our choices and select the best likely one by multiplying measures of usefulness of the outcome by its expected probability.

Baddeley

Developed a model for working memory.

Atkinson & Schiffrin

Developed the information-processing model.

Sperling

Did a test of iconic memory.

Watson

Did an experiment using systematic desensitization in order to aid a boy in overcoming his fear.

Ratio IQ

IQ expressed as a ratio of mental and chronological ages.

Deviation IQ

IQ scores that are based on the deviation from the averaging score.