psych 230- chapter 7: information processing

When infants are repeatedly shown pictures of pairs of cat, they begin to pay less and less attention to them. After viewing the cat-cat pictures, the infants are shown a cat-dog pair. The infants look longer at the dog, demonstrating that they have the ability to:

Categorize

According to one study, older adults assessed in 2013-2014 engaged in a higher level of abstract reasoning than their counterparts who were assessed two decades earlier. This best exemplifies the impact of which of the following? fuzzy-trace theory cohort effects expertise automaticity

Cohort effects

What must infants have in order to make generalizations about objects?

Concepts

______ are cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas.

Concepts

Reciprocal interaction is one component of:

joint attention

Define metacognition

knowing about knowing

what is the main goal of developmental robotics?

learn more about humans and their development

Later generations were ______ their grandparents to have work experiences that included emphasis on cognitively oriented labor. less likely than more likely than just as likely as not likely compared to

more likely than

artificial intelligence

A scientific field that focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people.

In research done by Stephanie Carlson, under which of the following conditions did children become more flexible in their thinking? After being giving a series of standardized tests After being taught the rules to several different board games After being placed in a room alone with an alluring marshmallow After hearing about a topsy-turvy imaginary world

After hearing about a topsy-turvy imaginary world

Older adults tend to develop deficiencies in which of the following areas of attention? (Select all that apply) Aspects of driving Complex vigilance tasks Selective attention Crystallized intelligence

Aspects of driving Complex vigilance tasks Selective Attention

Michelle, an infant, is looking intently at her mother as she sings her a song. Which of the following best describes what Michelle is demonstrating?

Attention

Scott tries to remember his neighbors' names by putting them in ABC order. This is a more engaging extensive mental strategy for processing, called

Elaboration

When someone is engaging in more extensive processing of information for the benefit of memory, that person is most likely using ______ as a memory strategy.

Elaboration

Remembering what you did on the first day of high school is an example of ______ memory.

Episodic memory

The concept of ______ function refers to a number of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain's prefrontal cortex.

Executive

True or false: Advances in executive function do not occur until a child reaches elementary school.

False

True or false: Executive function is uninfluenced by social or environmental factors.

False

Which of the following aspects of executive function are most important for young children's cognitive development and school success? (Choose every correct answer.) Flexibility Metacognition Working memory Self-control

Flexibility, working memory, and self-control

To be successful in school, children need to be less rigid and learn to be more ________ in their thinking, as well as be able to consider different strategies and perspectives.

Flexible

In older children ______ traces are more enduring and less likely to be forgotten than verbatim traces.

Fuzzy

Memory without conscious recollection is known as:

Implicit memory

Which type of memory is demonstrated earliest in infants?

Implicit memory

Which of the following are true of infants' advances in processing information, as compared to how it was envisioned by earlier theorists? It occurs earlier than previously envisioned. It is more gradual. It is more stage-like. It is much richer.

It occurs earlier than previously envisioned, it is more gradual, and it is much richer.

Hypertension has been associated with ______ cognitive performance in older adults.

Lower

Which of the following has been linked to a lower risk of cognitive impairment? ketogenic diet Mediterranean diet low-carb diet high-fat diet

Mediterranean diet

Which of the following statements about memory changes in adulthood is true? Memory does not change with age. All aspects of memory decline with age. Memory changes with age, but in different ways. All aspects of memory improve with age.

Memory changes with age, but in different ways.

When schools pay attention to helping students develop skills that entail knowing about their own knowing, those schools are fostering:

Metacognition

When is expertise more likely to occur?

Middle adulthood

Which of the following refers to being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life's everyday activities and tasks? Selective attention Concentration Mindfulness Metamemory

Mindfulness

Michael is a baby who has demonstrated that he can put all the red blocks in one pile and all the blue blocks in a different pile. What area of categorization has Michael demonstrated?

Perceptual categorization

Executive function refers to a number of higher level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain's: amygdala. prefrontal cortex. corpus callosum medulla.

Prefrontal cortex

A researcher is doing an experiment using a reaction-time task in which individuals are asked to push a button as soon as they see a stimulus, such as a light. Which of the following is the researcher most likely measuring?

Processing speed

Which of the following techniques would a developmental cognitive neuroscientist be LEAST likely to use? Positron-emission tomography (PET) fMRI imaging Psychoanalysis Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

Psychoanalysis

Advances in executive function skills in preschool are linked with which of the following? (Select all that apply) General IQ School readiness Academic achievement Attention deficit disorder Subsequent literacy and math skills

School readiness, academic achievement, and subsequent literacy and math skills.

In which two areas of attention do older adults have more difficulty in comparison to younger adults? (Select all that apply) Executive attention Selective attention Divided attention Vigilance

Selective attention Vigilance

Recalling who the U.S. president is and remembering the capital of Japan are components of ______ memory.

Semantic

Working memory is closely linked to ______ memory.

Short term

The child's ability to pay attention improves ______ during the preschool years.

Significantly

Which of the following is true regarding the research into whether mindfulness training improves older adults' cognitive functioning? Multiple choice question. Research has conclusively established that mindfulness training improves cognitive functioning for all age groups. No studies have found a link between mindfulness training and improved cognitive function in older adults. The effect of mindfulness training on cognitive function in older adults is yet to be studied. Some but not all studies have shown that mindfulness training improves older adults' cognitive functioning.

Some but not all studies have shown that mindfulness training improves older adults' cognitive functioning

The ability to remember where one learned something is known as ______ memory.

Source

Which of the following refers to the concept that changes in cognitive functioning may be linked more to distance from death or cognition-related pathology than to distance from birth? Terminal decline Cohort effect Use it or lose it Engagement model

Terminal Decline

According to the research, which of the following were true of preschoolers who were able to delay gratification? They coped with stress better as adolescents. They had very little cognitive inhibition as adults. They made more money as adults. They became more academically successful. They exhibited less cognitive flexibility.

The coped with stress better as adolescents, they made more money as adults, and they became more academically successful.

Which theory views children as thinkers who can predict, explain, and understand themselves and others? Bandura's social cognitive theory Erikson's psychosocial theory Theory of mind Psychoanalytic theory

Theory of mind

Which of the following statements is FALSE about work and cognitive functioning? The information society of today likely will be associated with enhancements in individual intellectual ability. Today's jobs will have less of an impact than jobs of the past on adults' cognitive functioning. Fathers today are more likely than their grandfathers to be involved in cognitively oriented work.

Today's jobs will have less of an impact than jobs of the past on adults' cognitive functioning.

Reasoning, reflection, solving problems, and making decisions are all parts of:

Thinking

The manipulating and transforming of information in memory is called:

Thinking

Which of the following best characterizes the concept of terminal decline? Changes in cognitive activity patterns might result in disuse and atrophy of cognitive skills. Time to death is a good predictor of cognitive decline. Cognitive functioning can be increased by improvements in health and exercise. At a certain point, there can be no increases in cognition.

Time to death is a good predictor of cognitive decline

Which of the following statements about young children and attention are true? (Choose every correct answer.) Toddlers tend to spend little time focusing on any one thing or event. Television watching has been linked to attention problems in young children. By the time they are toddlers, children are able to pay attention for extended periods of time. Pre-school children often have a long enough attention span to watch television for a half-hour.

Toddlers tend to spend little time focusing on any one thing or event. Television watching has been linked to attention problems in young children. Pre-school children often have a long enough attention span to watch television for a half-hour.

True or false: A limitation on processing information is the speed at which it takes place

True

True or false: According to the fuzzy-trace theory dual-process model, it is more beneficial for adolescents to base their judgments and decisions on simple gist than on analytical thinking.

True

True or false: Research has shown that categorization is influenced strongly by gender.

True

True or false: The human infant shows a remarkable degree of learning power and complexity in what is being learned.

True

______ consists of the precise details of the information; whereas ______ refers to the central ideas of the information.

Verbatim memory trace; gist

When are older adults more likely to remember the source of information?

When it is important to them

Definition of memory

the retention of information or experience over time

The type of memory that allows individuals to manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending language is called ______ memory.

Working

The field of science that studies the links between development, the brain, and cognitive functioning is called developmental: clinical psychology. neurology. cognitive neuroscience. biopsychology.

cognitive neuroscience

When people grasp the deeper meaning of ideas, keep an open mind about different approaches and perspectives, and decide for themselves what to believe or do, they are using ______ thinking. Multiple choice question. dialectical

critical

Three important factors associated with cohort effects on cognitive functioning are ______, ______, and ______. media education health work

education, health, and work

Having extensive, highly organized knowledge and understanding of a particular domain is best described as:

expertise

What type of memory refers to the conscious memory of facts and experiences?

explicit memory

In early childhood, executive function involves which of the following developmental advances? goal-setting immediate gratification seeking cognitive flexibility cognitive inhibition

goal setting, cognitive flexibility, and cognitive inhibition

Conceptualization of metacognition includes which of the following? (Select all that apply) Planning Emotional intelligence Self-regulation Evaluation

planning, self-regulation, and evaluation

Educational experiences have been ______ with better performance on memory tasks.

positively correlated

According to research, which of the following have been associated with the development of executive function in children? secure attachment fathers' autonomy support parental education harsh parenting

secure attachment, fathers' autonomy support, and parental education.

Which aspect of monitoring information would be most difficult for an older adult? Encoding and retrieval of information Detecting errors when proofreading a passage Source memory Judging their own performance

source memory

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a child who has developed executive function skills? stimulus-driven cognitive inhibition cognitive flexibility goal-setting

stimulus driven

Definition of attention

the focusing of mental resources

Which of the following best characterizes theory of mind? thoughts about how one's own mental processes work and the mental processes of others the ability to be alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible in life's everyday activities the idea that gist-based intuition serves young children and adolescents better than analytical thinking a study of the links between development, the brain, and cognitive functioning

thoughts about how one's own mental processes work and the mental processes of others.

Teachers can expand children's critical thinking by asking them to do which of the following? (Select all that apply) To analyze To recite To evaluate To define To think

to analyze, to evaluate, and to think