Psych 2301 exam 1

Which of the following statements is true of statistical significance? Measure of confederate value is determined by the difference between range and mode. The higher the number of cases, the easier it is to get statistical significance. With a very large sample, small differences in data are insignificant. You Answered Real-world significance is the same as statistical significance.

The higher the number of cases, the easier it is to get statistical significance.

According to the all-or-nothing principle, which of the following would happen if the size of the electrical charge in a neural impulse was twice the size needed for the electrical impulse?

The intensity of the impulse would not be affected.

Which of the following best describes the function of endorphins? They regulate sleep, wakefulness, mood, attention, and the process of learning. They control alertness. They control agitation. They shield the body from pain and elevate feelings of pleasure.

They shield the body from pain and elevate feelings of pleasure.

In the context of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following is true of individuals who use the assimilation process in developing their schemas?

They use their existing schemas in a new way.

In the context of psychology's scientific method, a variable is anything that

can change.

The _____ states that once an electrical impulse reaches a certain level of intensity in a neuron, it fires and moves all the way down the axon without losing any intensity.

all-or-nothing principle

Which of the following developments occurs during the germinal period of prenatal development?

attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall

Miguel's son Lucas is fighting with his younger brother over a toy. Miguel gently explains to Lucas on how he could have avoided the fight with his brother. Instead of scolding his son, he communicates his points in a calm and a peaceful manner on ways to end his fight with his brother. Miguel is most likely a(n) _____ parent.

authoritative

In the context of specialized cell structure, the _____ is the part of the neuron that carries information away from the cell body toward other cells.

axon

Which of the following statements is true of pubertal changes in human beings? Hormonal changes are solely responsible for adolescent behavior. Androgen is associated in boys with the development of genitals, an increase in height, and voice change. Boys who mature earlier than their peers tend to show more negative socioemotional outcomes. Girls who mature earlier than their peers tend to show more positive socioemotional outcomes.

Androgen is associated in boys with the development of genitals, an increase in height, and voice change.

Which of the following statements is true in the context of Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory?

Children enter a level of cognitive sophistication by learning important aspects of their culture.

Which of the following is true of the neurotransmitter serotonin?

It is involved in the regulation of mood and attention.

Which of the following is true about the autonomic nervous system?

It monitors processes such as breathing and digestion.

Which of the following scenarios illustrates the effective functioning of the right hemisphere of the human brain?

Melissa recognizes that Norah is sad by looking at her face.

Which of the following correlation coefficients is indicative of the strongest relationship between two variables? +0.65 0.00 -0.87 -0.24

-0.87

In the context of specialized cell structure, which of the following components of a nerve cell hardens in patients with multiple sclerosis?

myelin sheath

Stand-up comedians who improvise constantly while on stage are demonstrating their ability to change according to the environment. Which of the following characteristics of the nervous system is most likely playing a predominant role in their adaptability

plasticity

Stand-up comedians who improvise constantly while on stage are demonstrating their ability to change according to the environment. Which of the following characteristics of the nervous system is most likely playing a predominant role in their adaptability?

plasticity

Professor Jordan has suggested to his students that a strong relationship exists between the number of hours they spend studying and their grade on the final exam. He would like his students to improve their test scores by increasing the time they spend studying. The professor is describing a

positive correlation.

Dan arranges two rows of pennies so they are equal in length. A child views the rows and states that they have the same amount of pennies. He spreads out the pennies in the bottom row so that it is longer than the top one. The child now states that the bottom row has more pennies. This child is in Piaget's _____ stage of development.

preoperational

Peter is 10 years old. He likes to play a game called "name, place, things, animals" along with his friends, because he often wins and is very good at it. In this game, children are given a list of random nouns, and they are to write the nouns in the correct column. For example, if the noun is "dog," they are supposed to write "dog" under the "animals" column. According to this scenario, Peter is most likely in Piaget's _____ stage of development.

concrete operational

A(n) _____ is a person who is given a role to play in an experimental study so that the social context can be manipulated.

confederate

Inmates at a correctional facility take part in an experiment on social development. Once the experiment is over, the correctional officer goes home and tells his roommates about the results of the study and about the inmates who did not perform well. In this scenario, which ethical guideline of psychological research has been violated by the correctional officer?

confidentiality

The work of Harry Harlow established that

contact comfort is more important than feeding in the attachment process.

A key aspect of the process of testing hypothesis is

data analysis.

When psychologists conduct a study, a _____ sample gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected.

random

In the context of specialized cell structure, the myelin sheath is a layer of cells containing

fat.

An adolescent who hypothesizes and speaks in terms of possibilities is most likely present in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

formal operational

An experimenter studies the relationship between caffeine and reaction time. She designs her experiment with four groups. Group 1 receives 100 mg of caffeine each in their cups of coffee, group 2 receives 200 mg of caffeine each in their cups of coffee, group 3 receives 300 mg of caffeine each in their cups of coffee, and group 4 receives no coffee. Twenty minutes later, participants from all the groups are given a reaction-time test. In this experiment, which group is the control group?

group 4

All of the following are stages in Erikson's psychosocial theory of development EXCEPT trust versus mistrust. autonomy versus shame and doubt. initiative versus guilt. growth versus regression.

growth versus regression.

In the context of the organization of the brain, body temperature, emotional states, and coping with stress are functions controlled by the

hypothalamus.

Allie has developed a theory concerning test grades of high school students. She believes that there is a strong causal relationship between students' levels of happiness and their grades in school. In this scenario, her expectation that happier students get better grades is a _____ derived from her theory.

hypothesis

Ciara believes that working women are happier than women who do not work. She predicts that women who work for at least 10 years are more likely to have good mental health after the age of 50 years than women who do not. She decides to test this prediction. In the context of psychology's scientific method, Ciara's prediction is the _____ for the study she is going to conduct.

hypothesis

Berta is a fashion designer who is not happy both at work and home. She is unable to create new designs for her clients. She has also filed for a divorce. According to Jeffrey Arnett, which of the following features of emerging adulthood is described by this scenario?

instability

Roy, the conductor of an orchestra, guides and coordinates other musicians during stage performances. Which of the following characteristics of the nervous system predominantly commands Roy's behavior while conducting the orchestra?

integrity

An older adult who sees meaning in his or her life continues to live a satisfying existence. Erikson refers to this as

integrity.

Based on the provocative research that has linked oxytocin to stress, if Julia finds herself in a stressful situation she is most likely to

seek support from a friend.

According to Erikson, a toddler who learns to walk will develop a positive sense of independence. However, another child of the same age who cannot walk yet will develop

shame.

_____ statistics are the mathematical methods that are used to indicate whether results for a sample are likely to generalize to a population.

Inferential

Which of the following statements is true of the socioemotional selectivity theory?

Older adults gain a sense of meaning by focusing on satisfying relationships and activities in the present.

_____ is a person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times.

Resilience

Which of the following statements is true of the adolescent brain? Because of the quick development of the prefrontal cortex, they display stronger cognitive skills to control their impulses. They display fewer emotions due to the slow growth of the amygdala. The prefrontal cortex continues to mature into early adulthood. The developmental disjunction in the brain accounts for reduced risk-taking behavior of adolescents.

The prefrontal cortex continues to mature into early adulthood.

In the context of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain, the corpus callosum is

a bundle of axons that connects the right hemisphere with the left hemisphere.

A(n) _____ allows researchers to distinguish the specific effects of the independent variable from the possible effects of the experimenter's and participants' expectations about it.

double-blind experiment

In a _____, neither the participants nor the experimenter administering the treatment are aware of which participants belong to the experimental group and which are part of the control group.

double-blind experiment

In the context of experimental research, the logic of random assignment is that

if participants in an experiment are assigned to each group only by chance, the potential differences between the groups will cancel out over the long run.

The first step of the scientific method in psychology involves

observing some phenomenon in the world.

In the context of the cerebral cortex, the area critical for processing visual information is the _____ lobe.

occipital

Dr. Gordon conducts an experiment on one of her clients, Johnny, who displays symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. She postulates that Johnny's hyperactivity will be measured by the number of times he moves about while in the middle of a conversation. In this scenario, Dr. Gordon's postulation is the

operational definition.

In the context of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, _____ are mental representations that are reversible.

operations

In psychological research, a correlational study is used to determine

the link between variables.

Dominic is a marathon runner. He says that whenever he runs, he feels euphoric. He cannot begin his day without running for an hour. In the context of neurotransmitters, which of the following is most likely responsible for his feelings of pleasure from running?

the release of endorphins

Which of the following symptoms is a person entering middle age likely to experience? increase in motor speed increase in height thinner hair increase in melanin production

thinner hair

In an emergency, the sympathetic nervous system helps the body by

triggering the release of stress hormones.