psych 3

conditional response

(CR) learned response to a stimulus that is previously neutral or meaningless ex. bell

positive punishment

following an undesired response by adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of the behavior reoccuring

negative punishment

following an undesired response by removing a pleasant stimulus this is also called a time out and reduces the likelihood of the behavior reoccuring

unconditional stimulus

stimulus that naturally produces a response

neural level learning

strengths synapse by repeated use

extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

backward

US proceeds CS; no conditioning in animal

unconditional response

an organisms automatic or natural reaction to a stimulus; reflex

Operant Conditioning (skinnerian or Instrumental conditioning)

association formation; learners operate on the environment and learn from the consequences

neuron communication

axon terminals do not touch; gap is synapse; neurontransmitters translate electrical info to chemical

Punishment

bad behavior decreases

reinforcement

behavior increases

classical conditioning

A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.

continuous reinforcement

CS and US always paired, fastest acquisition, fast extinction

partial reinforcement

CS occasionally presented without US; slower acquisition, slow extinction

delayed

CS offset follows US onset; good conditioning

trace

CS offset precedes US onset; .5 sec interval often optimal

conditional stimulus

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response

operant discrimination

Means that an operant response will occur to one antecedent stimulus but not to another.

stimulus generalization

Process by which a conditioned response becomes associated with a stimulus that is similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus

operant generalization

The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that preceded operant reinforcement.

interval

a definite length of time marked off by two instants

contingency

a possible event; important

higher order conditioning

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.)

variable

a quantity that can assume any of a set of values

simultaneous

almost no conditioning

plasticity of neurotransmitters

amount can be changed

shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

discrimination

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

fixed

incapable of being changed or moved or undone

positive reinforcement

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

negative reinforcement

increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs

neurotransmitters

neurostransmitters bind to receptors in the 2nd neuron and causes a change. All neurons are excitatory and are not equal

ratio

reason

contiguity

the tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related

schedules of reinforcement

these include fixed interval and variable ratio