psych 3
conditional response
(CR) learned response to a stimulus that is previously neutral or meaningless ex. bell
positive punishment
following an undesired response by adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of the behavior reoccuring
negative punishment
following an undesired response by removing a pleasant stimulus this is also called a time out and reduces the likelihood of the behavior reoccuring
unconditional stimulus
stimulus that naturally produces a response
neural level learning
strengths synapse by repeated use
extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
backward
US proceeds CS; no conditioning in animal
unconditional response
an organisms automatic or natural reaction to a stimulus; reflex
Operant Conditioning (skinnerian or Instrumental conditioning)
association formation; learners operate on the environment and learn from the consequences
neuron communication
axon terminals do not touch; gap is synapse; neurontransmitters translate electrical info to chemical
Punishment
bad behavior decreases
reinforcement
behavior increases
classical conditioning
A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
continuous reinforcement
CS and US always paired, fastest acquisition, fast extinction
partial reinforcement
CS occasionally presented without US; slower acquisition, slow extinction
delayed
CS offset follows US onset; good conditioning
trace
CS offset precedes US onset; .5 sec interval often optimal
conditional stimulus
In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response
operant discrimination
Means that an operant response will occur to one antecedent stimulus but not to another.
stimulus generalization
Process by which a conditioned response becomes associated with a stimulus that is similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus
operant generalization
The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that preceded operant reinforcement.
interval
a definite length of time marked off by two instants
contingency
a possible event; important
higher order conditioning
a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.)
variable
a quantity that can assume any of a set of values
simultaneous
almost no conditioning
plasticity of neurotransmitters
amount can be changed
shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
discrimination
in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
fixed
incapable of being changed or moved or undone
positive reinforcement
increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
negative reinforcement
increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs
neurotransmitters
neurostransmitters bind to receptors in the 2nd neuron and causes a change. All neurons are excitatory and are not equal
ratio
reason
contiguity
the tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related
schedules of reinforcement
these include fixed interval and variable ratio
