PSYCH 3620 - developmental psychology - chapter 17

Which two statements summarize the controversy regarding what experts argue should be the correct definition of brain death?

* A cortical death should be sufficient because the areas controlling intelligence and personality are truly the human being. * Both the higher and lower portions of the brain should be necessary for a brain death determination.

Which of the following are characteristic of a person in Kübler-Ross' fifth stage of dying?

* A desire to be left alone * An acceptance of one's fate * A sense of peace

Making sense of the world becomes more important when the loss is a result of which of the following?

* A disaster * Violence such as an accident, homicide, or suicide

Which emotions often become a part of Kubler-Ross' second stage of dying?

* Anger * Resentment * Envy

Select all of the following that are factors linked with adolescent suicide attempts or indicators of suicide risk.

* Depressive symptoms, sense of helplessness * Child maltreatment * Victim of bullying or cyberbullying

Which of the following are arguments that critics present against the funeral industry?

* Embalming is a grotesque practice. * Funeral directors are focused more on making money than on providing closure.

Which two of the following are part of the dual-process model of coping with bereavement?

* Loss-oriented stressors * Restoration-oriented stressors

Which of the following reactions have been found to follow after the death of a loved one?

* Separation anxiety * Pining * Yearning

Which of the following have been identified as protective factors against suicidal ideation in older adults?

* Supportive social network * Emotional control * Comfort from religion

Which of the following are common for a person in Kübler-Ross' second stage of dying?

* feeling resentful toward healthy family members * asking the question "Why me?"

The dual-process model of coping with bereavement that has been developed for families focuses on which of the following?

* reduced finances * changed relationships * legal consequences

What are components of grief?

* separation anxiety * loneliness * hopelessness * yearning

Robert is an 80-year-old man who has been given three months to live. He has requested to be left alone. When asked, he says that he is not feeling much physical pain and seems devoid of feeling. He realizes he is going to die and feels a sense of peace. Which of Kübler-Ross' five stages of dying is he in?

** A. Acceptance B. Anger C. Depression D. Bargaining E. Denial

In the United States today, which of the following adolescents is statistically more likely to attempt suicide?

** A. African American female B. Asian American male C. Non-Latino White male D. Non-Latino White female

Which of the following beliefs regarding death is consistent with the view of most societies?

** A. After the biological body has died, the spiritual body lives on. B. Death is peaceful. C. Reincarnation is an accepted belief. D. The end of existence is marked by the death of the biological body.

Which of the following has NOT been identified as a possible outcome related to children who lose a parent?

** A. An easier understanding of death after the initial loss B. Decreased school performance C. Hypersensitivity about death and a fear of losing others D. A deterioration of peer relationships

Which of the following is NOT one of Elisabeth Kübler-Ross' stages of dying?

** A. Contemplation B. Denial C. Anger D. Depression

Which of the following statements reflects the role of denial in the life of an individual approaching death?

** A. Denial can be an adaptive strategy because it can insulate the person from having to cope with intense feelings of anger and hurt. B. The more an individual experiences denial, the more he or she will experience anger. C. Denial is a negative reaction that has been shown to intensify depression in the later stages. D. Denial is an adaptive strategy for family members but not for the dying person.

Which of the following statements best reflects the outcome of communicating about death with a dying person?

** A. Discussing death openly with the dying individual has many benefits for the person. B. Discussing death helps family members but is generally too difficult for the dying individual. C. Allowing a person to reminisce only makes him or her feel sad about what they are leaving behind. D. Discussing death has more disadvantages than advantages for the dying person.

According to research, which statement is true regarding communication with dying individuals?

** A. Dying people are often starved for human touch because people are afraid to touch them. B. Dying people typically should have short visits with many visitors, to help pass the time. C. Dying people typically do not want to talk about their feelings with others. D. Dying people should not be encouraged to talk about the outcomes for their illness.

What strategy may help dying individuals become more alert and cheerful?

** A. Giving them options to increase perceived control B. Keeping younger family members away from them C. Taking their care out of their hands D. Changing doctors frequently

Cremation is most popular in

** A. Japan and other Asian countries. B. Canada and western Europe. C. the United States. D. Russia and eastern Europe.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the grief reactions of individuals experiencing the loss of a loved one?

** A. Many grieving spouses report that they have never gotten over the loss; they just learned to live with it. B. Grief follows a specific pattern of response and typically goes away about six months after the loss. C. Grief tends to be experienced more intensely when it is the first death a person experiences. D. Separation anxiety is typically not felt past the two-year anniversary of the death.

Monique's mother has recently passed away, and Monique needs to talk to her 5-year-old son about his grandmother's death. Which of the following strategies would a psychologist most likely suggest?

** A. Monique should be honest with her son about his grandmother's death and answer any questions he might have. B. Monique should not take her son to the funeral or talk about the death. C. Monique should tell her son that his grandmother has gone on a long vacation, and talk to him when he is older. D. Monique should tell her son that his grandmother died but not discuss it further with him until he is about 10 years old.

How does assisted suicide differ from active euthanasia?

** A. Patients administer the lethal medication to themselves. B. The patient actively refuses to accept any form of life-saving or comfort-providing care prior to death. C. The physician causes the death through a direct action in response to a patient's request. D. The physician decides when and where the death will occur.

Which of the following statements is consistent with deaths that occurred in 1900?

** A. People were cared for at home by their families at the time of death. B. People were cared for by nurses and hospice workers at the time of death. C. Most people died in institutions and hospitals. D. People were not frequently exposed to death.

Which of the following statements does NOT reflect how those dealing with the loss of a loved one tend to "make sense of the world" as a part of the grieving process?

** A. Survivors of loss tend to wish to be alone immediately following the loss. B. Survivors repeatedly recall all of the events that led up to the death. C. Survivors share experiences with each other while reminiscing over family experiences.

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of discussing death openly with a dying individual?

** A. The dying person can avoid feeling depressed about impending death. B. The dying person has a better understanding of what is happening and what the medical staff is doing. C. The dying person can reminisce about what was important in his or her life. D. The dying person can participate in decisions about a funeral and burial.

Which of the following is an argument that supporters present for holding funerals and other community events to remember the deceased?

** A. They provide a form of closure for family members of the deceased. B. They provide a social gloss that helps lessen the pain of loss. C. They prevent mourners from becoming social outcasts. D. They fulfill the legal requirement regarding burial of the deceased.

According to many religious individuals, euthanasia and assisted suicide are

** A. acts of murder. B. God's will. C. acceptable to end prolonged suffering. D. morally neutral.

Many adolescent deaths that occur as a result of a motor vehicle accident involve

** A. alcohol. B. bad weather. C. prescription drugs. D. falling asleep.

Which of the following involves a physician supplying the information and/or means for patients to cause their own death but requires the patients to self-administer those means and to determine when and where to do it?

** A. assisted suicide B. palliative care C. active euthanasia D. passive euthanasia

Enduring despair that remains unresolved over an extended period of time is called:

** A. complicated grief. B. unresolved grief. C. clinical despair. D. unproductive grief.

All of the following are considered factors that are linked with adolescent suicide risk EXCEPT:

** A. higher level of school connectedness. B. family discord and negative relationships with parents. C. peer victimization related to bullying and cyberbullying. D. stressful situations like getting poor grades in school or experiencing a breakup.

The definition of brain death followed by most physicians:

** A. includes the death of both the higher and lower portions of the brain. B. states that death in higher portions of the brain is sufficient for a brain death determination. C. states that death in the lower portions of the brain is sufficient for a brain death determination. D. depends on the death of the higher portion of the brain and certain other biological functions, like breathing.

Proponents of assisted suicide and euthanasia argue that it

** A. is a dignified death that ends prolonged suffering. B. may be a painful way to die, but it ends the long-term suffering. C. is God's will and is so stated in the Bible. D. ends the control of medical professionals over dying.

Realistic and accurate perceptions of death, such as understanding that its cause is biological in nature, develop in

** A. middle and late childhood. B. young childhood. C. middle and late adolescence. D. emerging adulthood.

Which of the following is a funeral trend in the United States?

** A. private funerals followed by a memorial ceremony B. a memorial ceremony with no funeral and an open casket C. no funeral and cremation D. public funerals with an open casket

Which of the following refers to the seven-day period in traditional Judaism in which mourners sit together as a group for an extended period and have an opportunity to project their feelings to the group as a whole?

** A. shivah B. sheloshim C. aninut D. shabat

Hospice care occurs most often in

** A. the home. B. a free-standing facility. C. an urgent care. D. a hospital.

List Elisabeth Kübler-Ross' five stages of dying in order from beginning to end, with the first stage at the top.

1. Denial and isolation 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance

Which of the following statements reflects what a person would say in the first stage of Kübler-Ross' five stages of dying?

A. "I am so sad, and I can't stop crying. All I can think about is not being able to see my grandchildren. I sleep all the time." ** B. "The doctor is wrong. I need to get a second opinion. The doctor must have mixed my file up with someone else's." C. "If I can live three more months, I'll donate all my money to my church." D. "Why me?"

According to recent research, children as young as ______ understand the irreversibility of death and that it involves a cessation of mental and physical functioning.

A. 10 to 11 ** B. 4 to 5 C. 8 to 9 D. 2 to 3

What percentage of survivors experience normal grief reactions?

A. 30 to 40 percent B. 50 to 60 percent C. 60 to 70 percent ** D. 80 to 90 percent

The highest risk of sudden infant death syndrome occurs at what age?

A. 4 to 6 months of age B. Birth to 1 month of age ** C. 2 to 4 months of age D. 6 to 8 months of age

How many years longer might a person born today expect to live compared to a person born in 1900?

A. 47 ** B. 32 C. 11 D. 19

Tracy has been talking to her father about death after having experienced the death of her grandfather. She asks her dad if he thinks that her grandfather saw a bright white light and went to heaven. She also asks her father if he thinks she could talk to her grandfather through a spiritual medium. How old do you think Tracy is?

A. 9 B. 5 ** C. 13 D. 7

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the development of a living will?

A. A patient can legally sign a living will when sedated for pain. ** B. A living will must be drawn up by patients when they can think clearly. C. If a patient is in a coma, a legal guardian may draw up a living will to end the patient's life. D. A living will can be drawn up by the patient or a person designated to oversee the patient's medical rights.

What type of grief reaction can be expected when the death involves a sudden violent death of a child?

A. A person will try to hide the grief to protect other children from the loss B. A person will experience more acceptance than with other types of deaths. ** C. A person will have an intense and prolonged reaction, making coping more difficult. D. A person will experience intense grief at first and then move into a more positive adjustment in three to six months.

Rachel has been diagnosed with terminal cancer. She has been spending a lot of time at her church and praying to God. Specifically she has said to God that if she lives, she will donate half of her money to the church and volunteer at her local food pantry. Which of Kübler-Ross' stages of dying does this reflect?

A. Acceptance B. Anger ** C. Bargaining D. Denial

Based on recent studies of dying individuals, what has been identified as a precursor to a dying person's feeling of distress and a desire to hasten death?

A. Being given a relatively short time to live after the initial diagnosis B. Concern over financial issues of care C. Being given a relatively long time to live after the initial diagnosis ** D. Not having found purpose and meaning in life

What is the leading cause of infant death in the United States?

A. Cancer B. Shaken baby syndrome ** C. Sudden infant death syndrome D. Complications due to the birth process

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of death in adolescence?

A. Homicide B. Motor vehicle accidents C. Suicide ** D. Cancer

Lucille signed a living will when she was 65 years old and in good health. It stated that she wanted no extraordinary medical procedures to be used if doctors determined she would not recover. She was conscious of the ramifications of her decision. At the age of 85 she had a stroke in her brain stem and could no longer breathe for herself or take in food. Doctors determined that she would not recover respiration or digestion. Which of the following would be true in Lucille's case?

A. Lucille's children could override the living will because it was drawn up 20 years before the stroke occurred. ** B. Lucille could be given sedatives and pain medications but should not be put on a ventilator or given a feeding tube. C. Connecting Lucille to a ventilator to help with respiration would be permissible. D. Providing nutrients to Lucille through a feeding tube would be permissible.

Which of the following is NOT an indicator of suicide risk?

A. Mental disorder B. Loss of loved one ** C. A new job D. Hopelessness

Which of the following statements is the most accurate representation of the mourning practices in traditional Judaism?

A. Minimal mourning occurs in Judaism because it is thought to be bad luck for the decreased in the afterlife. B. Cremation is the most common method of disposal of the body after death. ** C. The observance of all mourning practices is required of the spouse and the immediate blood relatives. D. Children are not included in the mourning practices until they reach the age of 13.

Which of the following are NOT a component of the death system, as described by Robert Kastenbaum?

A. People B. Objects ** C. Actions D. Symbols E. Places or contexts

Which of the following statements accurately reflects how psychologists today utilize Kübler-Ross' five stages of dying?

A. Psychologists use the stages in the same way as Kübler-Ross and can predict what people will experience. ** B. The stages are typically used not as stages but as potential reactions to dying. C. Psychologists have disregarded them completely. D. Psychologists think the stages apply more to the reactions of loved ones.

What is a criticism made by Robert Kastenbaum about Kübler-Ross' five stages of dying?

A. Research on dying has clearly demonstrated that dying individuals are not envious of healthy individuals. B. Most people do not try to bargain with God or doctors to extend their life. ** C. The five-stage sequence has not been substantiated by research. D. Only three of the five stages are typical reactions of dying individuals.

Understanding of the certainty of death appears in which stage of Kübler-Ross' five stages of dying?

A. Second stage: anger B. Fifth stage: acceptance ** C. Fourth stage: depression D. Third stage: bargaining

Carol has terminal cancer. She has read that eating certain foods has been found to prolong a person's life. Therefore she spends a great deal of time preparing meals for herself. She was given six months to live but has now exceeded that time. She owes it to her diet and perseverance. What can we expect of Carol's demeanor?

A. She will be unrealistic in thinking that she will live six more months. ** B. She will most likely be more alert and cheerful. C. She will become more depressed as each day passes. D. She will feel panic that death could come at any time, since she has exceeded the six month prognosis.

Which are the most common causes of death in childhood?

A. Suicide and accidents ** B. Accidents and illness C. Homicide and accidents D. Illness and suicide

______ death is said to occur when all electrical activity in the brain has ceased for a specified period of time.

A. Synaptic B. Neuron ** C. Brain D. Electrical

Which of the following statements is consistent with the death system in the United States?

A. The daily over-display of death highlights our mortality. B. Daily contact with aging adults prepares the young for death. C. Malnutrition and disease make Americans aware of infant mortality. ** D. It is common to reach adulthood without having seen someone die.

Which of the following deaths typically would be LEAST likely to result in an intense and prolonged grieving process for the survivors, due to its nature?

A. The death of a child from a drive-by shooting ** B. The death of a grandparent who was hospitalized for pneumonia C. The suicide of a 16-year-old D. The death of someone in a car accident

Which statement is typical of how a person in Kübler-Ross' third stage of dying would react?

A. The person looks for second and third opinions to make sure the initial diagnosis was correct. B. The person feels envious of healthy friends. C. The person is accepting of his or her diagnosis and prepares for death. ** D. The person tries to negotiate in order to live a little longer.

According to cross-cultural comparisons, the highest rate of suicide is in which country?

A. United States ** B. Lithuania C. Greece D. South Africa

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a function of the death system?

A. Warnings and predictions in which death is portrayed B. The prevention of death and how it is portrayed ** C. The context in which death is portrayed D. Disposal of the dead and how it is portrayed

Which of the following is an appropriate strategy to use when communicating with a dying person?

A. You should avoid discussing the actual illness the person has. B. You should try to avoid allowing the person to express guilt or anger. C. You should insist that the person try to accept the impending death, especially if the person is in denial. ** D. You should allow the person to reminisce.

While most people say they would prefer to die at home, the majority of people die in

A. a nursing home. ** B. a hospital. C. a rehabilitation center. D. assisted living.

Passive euthanasia occurs when treatments are

A. administered. B. recognized. ** C. withheld. D. acknowledged.

The most common characteristic of Kübler-Ross' first stage of dying is

A. anger. B. acceptance. ** C. denial. D. depression.

Which of the following describes the act of euthanasia?

A. becoming anxious about health concerns B. leaving a patient without care C. offering alternative medications without prescriptions ** D. painlessly ending someone's life

Which of the following is related to lower levels of grief for people surviving the loss of a spouse?

A. being less educated ** B. intensified religious and spiritual beliefs C. increased independence from friends and family D. going back to work

Which of the following is NOT a goal of hospice?

A. bringing patients' pain under control B. helping the dying patient face death C. including the family in the care of the patient ** D. ensuring that the patient remains in the hospital

Individuals become more ______ as they get closer to death.

A. controlling B. bitter C. angry ** D. spiritual

The suicide rates among U.S. adults is:

A. decreasing. B. remaining steady. ** C. increasing. D. disappearing.

What has been found to reduce depressive symptoms and enhance self-efficacy in widows and widowers following the loss of a spouse?

A. focus on the self B. self-indulgence C. hasty remarriage ** D. volunteer work

When a person reports financial loss, loneliness, increased physical illness, and a psychological disorder such as depression after a loss, one could assume that the person who died was the person's

A. friend. B. parent. C. child. ** D. spouse.

Where do most individuals say they would rather die?

A. in a hospital B. in a hospice C. in a nursing home or assisted living facility ** D. at home

In 2015, the highest suicide rate per 100,000 of the U.S. population was seen in which of the following age groups?

A. over 80 B. 20 to 34 C. 10 to 18 ** D. 45 to 64

Anastasia had an abortion when she was 18 years old. Even though she made the decision to end the pregnancy, she experienced a deep and pervasive grief for many years. Ten years later, her sister became pregnant. When Anastasia heard the news, she cried for days. Anastasia was experiencing ______ grief.

A. prolonged B. complicated ** C. disenfranchised D. unresolved

When an individual's grief over a deceased person is a socially ambiguous loss that cannot be openly mourned, it is called:

A. prolonged grief. B. complicated grief. C. unresolved grief. ** D. disenfranchised grief.

Which of the following has NOT been found to be an outcome for a person who has lost a spouse or intimate partner?

A. psychological disorders, including depression ** B. mental clarity C. increased physical illness D. loneliness

Making sense of the death, the social consolidation after a death occurs, and caring for the dying are all functions of the:

A. psychology of death. ** B. death system. C. determinants of death. D. sociology of death.

According to research, widowed individuals were more likely to ______ their religious and spiritual beliefs following the death of a spouse.

A. question B. discard C. change ** D. intensify

Suicide is the ______ leading cause of death in 10- to 19-year-olds today in the United States.

A. second B. not a ** C. third D. primary

"Easy death" and "mercy killing" are other descriptors for.

A. suicide. B. accident. ** C. euthanasia. D. homicide.

Which of the following can help children deal with the loss of a person who was close to them?

A. teaching them about denial B. telling them not to dwell on it C. avoidance skills training ** D. bereavement support program

Components such as people (clergy), places (Vietnam Memorial Wall), times (9/11/2001), objects (wearing black in mourning), and symbols (skull and crossbones) are all part of what Robert Kastenbaum calls:

A. the death culture. ** B. the death system. C. death interpretations. D. the mourning system.

When someone close to them dies, young children most need

A. to be taught that denial is a perfectly acceptable way to deal with grief. ** B. reassurance that they are loved and will not be abandoned. C. for adults to pretend like everything is and will remain the same. D. elaborate explanations about the biological causes of death.

Travis is experiencing the loss of his brother who died from cancer 18 months ago. He has reported feeling a numbness, believes that the future does not hold anything for him without his brother, and cannot move on from the loss. Of which of the following might Travis be suffering?

A. unproductive grief syndrome B. unresolved grief disorder C. clinical despair ** D. prolonged grief disorder

_________ euthanasia occurs when death is deliberately induced.

active euthanasia

_________ can play an adaptive role by insulating a dying individual against intense feelings of anger and hurt, but it can also function as a maladaptive strategy.

denial

True or false: Kübler-Ross would recommend that loved ones try to cheer up the dying person in the fourth stage of dying, also known as the depression stage.

false

During adolescence, individuals develop (more/less) abstract conceptions of death than children do.

more

True or false: A common occurrence is for family members to go over again and again all of the events that led up to the death as a part of the grieving process.

true

True or false: Emerging adults have triple the suicide rate of adolescents.

true

True or false: In childhood, death occurs most often because of accidents or illness.

true

True or false: In the United States, female adolescents are more likely than male adolescents to attempt suicide.

true

(Widows/Widowers) are more likely to remarry after the loss of a spouse than (widows/widowers).

widowers ; widows

______ are three times more likely to attempt suicide, but ______ are four times more likely to commit suicide.

Females; males