PSYCH 3805 Ch 8
the average cost of raising a child to age 17 in USA
$233,610
Cass Model for LGBT youth stages
1. identity confusion 2. identity comparison 3. identity tolerance 4. identity acceptance 5. identity pride 6. identity synthesis
Phinney's ethnic identity phases
1. no examination of ethnic roots 2. awakening: exploring one's cultural heritage 3. Achieve a distinct ethnic self-concept
For every person who commits suicide, there are___ attempts
15 to 25
_______ of teens question their sexual orientation
15%
Approximately what ages does the average adult go through the 6th stage of Erikson's psychological development?
18-40
James and Roger are both 27 years old. Statistically, they are ____ times as likely to die as women of the same age.
2.5
__________ of teens have had intercourse by the end of high school
2/3
Approximately _______ experiment more serious conflicts between teen and parent
25%
approximately ________ of teens experience physical, emotional, and/or sexual violence
25%
second marriages have a ______ higher divorce rate
25%
_____ of teens who vape move on to cigarettes
30%
In a population of college students, ____ percent of them reported experiencing abuse in a dating relationship at some point.
40
Each year roughly ____ people in the US die each year from smoking-related illnesses.
440,000
____ end up identifying as gay or lesbian
5%
Among US children and adolescents, approximately 1 in ___ are overweight or obese.
6
Connie and Wilma have been close friends since high school, and now that their children are graduating from high school, Connie and Wilma are still close friends. Their friendship is in the stage abbreviated _____ in the ABCDE model.
C
James Marcia's explanation of identity formation extends the theory of
Erikson
While _____ proposed that identity formation should occur mostly in adolescence, ______ argues that exploring and making these choices takes longer--often into the late 20s.
Erikson; Arnett
In Marcia's theory, who would be in identity foreclosure?
Jack who is going with his parent's plans for his future without considering alternative
Which person's behavior would be considered binge drinking?
John who had 5 drinks in a row
Which parents are most likely to raise a teenager who reaches identity achievement status?
Kate and Allie, who encourage autonomy in their children
When people in the US are asked, "Do you feel that you have reached adulthood?" the youngest age range with a majority answering 'yes' is
Late 20s to early 30s
Who would be in Emerging Adulthood?
Paul, age 25 who whores in a retail store and is a part-time college student trying to decide on his major
Which athlete would be likely to reach her or his peak performance level before reaching age 28?
Tim, a sprinter who runs 100- and 200-meter events
According to Daniel McAdams, a person's identity is best understood through
a life story
anorexia nervosa
a persistent refusal to eat along with an irrational fear of gaining weight -often leads to heart damage -without treatment, 15% of adolescents die
moral dilemma
a situation or story with a conflict between moral values both options are against your morals
adolescent egocentrism
a teen's focus on her own feelings and experiences Imaginary audience, personal fable, and illusion of invulnerability
Identity Status refers to the state of your thinking:
about any aspect of your identity for which you have options
Ben wants to get a job designing wind turbines for the wind energy field. He has talked to engineers and business owners in this field and he used their advice to choose his college major. He had previously considered a major in chemistry or physics, but after visiting a few wind farms, he is certain he knows what he wants to do in the future. Ben is in identity _________.
achievement
ABCDE model of friendship formation
acquaintanceship, buildup, continuation, deterioration, and ending
In Marcia's theory, moratorium means
actively looking into the possibilities and postponing a decision until you are sure of your choice
Which best describes the thought process underlying adolescent egocentrism?
adolescents are much more interested in their own feelings than those of others
What happens in emerging adulthood?
age of explorations instability self-focused feeling in-between possibilities
what predicts a successful marriage
age, homogamy, and feeling of equality in marriage
bulimia nervosa
alternating between binge eating and purging
If you were to summarize research on differences between the moral reasoning of males and females, you would explain that
although there are small differences between men and women in some areas, the overall moral reasoning of males and females is very similar
life-course persistent antisocial behavior
antisocial behavior that begins at an early age and persists throughout life *repeated problems breaking the law
What are the two dimensions attachment is measured on?
anxiety and avoidance
physiological impact of girls maturing late
anxious about physical development may have safer early teen years few long-term effects
What should you say if you think someone is thinking about suicide?
ask, are you thinking about killing yourself?
conventional level stage 4
authority: behavior driven by obeying authority and conforming to social order ex: society as a whole
Preconventional Level
based on external factors
precocious puberty
before 8 in girls; before 9 in boys
menarche
beginning of menstruation at around age 13
primary control
behavior aimed affecting the individual's external world
secondary control
behavior or cognition aimed at affecting the individual's internal world
stage 4-5 of reflective judgment
belief that knowledge is subjective
Janelle had eaten a whole medium pizza and a half gallon of ice cream, and then she made herself vomit. She most likely has an eating disorder called
bulimia nervosa
In Arnett's description of Emerging Adulthood, which is not a typical feature?
bypassing college and going straight into the full-time workforce
A relationship built on intimacy and commitment is called ____________ love.
companionate
Cristal can label a skeleton diagram with the name of every bone.
crystallized intelligence
Walter knows the capitals of all 50 states.
crystallized intelligence
Rob and Larry were good friends in college and during the early years of their careers when they lived in the same town. Now that Rob has moved to a new city and is busy with his family and new job, he and Larry rarely communicate. Their friendship is probably in the _____ stage.
deterioration
Jessica has a multitude of interests, but she has not looked into any possible fields for her own career. She tells her friend, There are too many choices. How could I ever decide? I'll just wait until something comes along. Jessica is in identity _________.
diffusion
Reasons juveniles should not be given death penalty
diminished decision-making capacity less able to resist coercive influence their character is still undergoing change
According to research studies, the most effective way to foster moral development in adolescents is to
discuss moral issues
A person with anorexia nervosa often has a
distorted body image
Compared to other age groups, adolescents have higher rates of three of the following. Which is NOT a behavior for which adolescents have the highest rate?
drug overdoses
This study found that more serious depressive symptoms in the late teen years were associated with
earlier menarche
Leslie and Dan got married last year even though Dan has some reservations about marriage due to experiencing his parents' divorce. Leslie is much more positive about marriage, but she struggles with anxiety and depression. In the Vulnerability-Stress-Adaptation Model, these qualities that each partner brings to the marriage are called
enduring vulnerabilities
According to Steinberg, adolescents take risks because
evolution has led to adolescent brains that are more willing to take risks
Rachel manages the finances for herself and her husband, while her husband takes care of the technological details of the devices that they use. They are both pleased with the arrangement, which suggests that their marital success could be described by ____________
exchange theory
The two dimensions on which Identity Status is based are
exploration and commitment
Janelle lives with her parents, siblings, grandparents, and an aunt. This is a(n) ____ family.
extended
The most common family form around the world is the __________ family.
extended
Suppose you were to compare the photos from your senior year of high school to the photos from your grandparents' senior year of high school. What would you expect to see?
far fewer overweight and obese adolescents in your grandparents' photos
The rates of abuse against women tend to be higher in cultures that emphasize
female purity, male status, and family honor
Before Cammie was born, her parents immigrated to the United States from their home country of Saudi Arabia. She has been raised in the U.S., and has never taken a large interest in her family's cultural background. Phinney (1989) would suggest that Cammie is in the ____ phase of achieving an ethnic identity?
first
spermarche
first spontaneous ejaculation containing sperm
Reyna was told to organize the annual meeting with the same quality as previous years, but with a 50% cut in the budget.
fluid intelligence
Terrance figures out how to assemble a new piece of furniture even though the instructions are missing.
fluid intelligence
Russell is planning to take over his parents' bookstore when he gets older. They have talked about this since he was young, and he has never considered any other option. Russell is in identity _________.
foreclosure
All of the following are considered role transitions EXCEPT:
getting a perfect SAT score
Physiological impact of boys maturing early
greater risk of disorders do well in sports and may be seen as leaders may feel pressure due to more mature appearance
The two most common problems of binge drinkers are
having a hangover, and doing something you regret
Darvon noticed that his sociology professor said one thing and his psychology professor said the opposite. He decided to go to office hours to talk to each professor to better understand the information. Afterwards, when he understood the evidence behind each viewpoint, he wrote a paper that integrated the parts of each view that were best-supported by the data. What is true of Darvon?
he is using true reflective thought
Having good friends is associated with three of the following characteristics. Which is NOT a typical consequence of friendship?
higher stress level
The Seattle Longitudinal Study showed cohort differences on some skills. Specifically, compared to earlier-born groups, later-born cohorts scored
higher, probably due to educational differences
Blakemore describes the adolescent brain as
highly adaptable
John and Jo hold similar values and have a lot of interests in common. They have better chances of a lasting marriage because of their __________
homogamy
high level exploration, high level of commitment
identity achievement (information gathering)
low exploration, low commitment
identity diffusion (dogmatic, inflexible, or avoidant)
low exploration, high commitment
identity foreclosure (dogmatic, inflexible)
High exploration, low commitment
identity moratorium
Erikson's 5th stage
identity vs role confusion "identity crisis"
Erikson called the psychological conflict of adolescence _______ versus ______.
identity; role confusion
fMRI studies show that when friends are watching, adolescents' brains show
increased activity in the rewards areas of the brain
preconventional level stage 2
individual interest: behavior driven by self-interest and rewards ex: you scratch my back i scratch yours
adolescents
individuals who are in the period of adolescence
Sarah and Kevin met and fell in love last week, and they have spent as much time together as possible since then. They have not become very emotionally close and they have not talked about their future. According to Sternberg, they are in a state of _________ .
infatuation
passion
intense physiological desire for other
Conventional level stage 3
interpersonal: behavior driven by social approval ex: based on how others will view them
In Erik Erikson's theory, the major task of young adulthood is dealing with the psychosocial conflict of
intimacy vs isolation
Women tend to have friendships based on ____, while men more often based their friendships on ____.
intimate and emotional sharing; shared activities or interests
criticism of kohlberg's theory
its not representative of different cultures behavior does not always match reasoning Gilligan: Kohlberg's theory applied to males more than females
crystallized intelligence
knowledge acquired through life experience and education in a particular culture *jeopardy tests this
failure/role confusion
lack of direction; unprepared for adulthood
Identity statuses
level of commitment vs level of exploration
According to Dr. Wilson, "More than 10,000 girls, average age 16 years, were interviewed at the start of the study and followed into their late 20's" (para. 1). This was a ____ study
longitudinal
conventional level
look to society's norms
In addition to health problems, overweight children and adolescents often have additional problems, such as
low self-esteem and being unpopular
Someone at risk for suicide might
make comments that show they feel things are hopeless stop caring about things they used to care about give away valued belongings
exchange theory
marriage is based on each partner contributing something to the relationship that the other would be hard-pressed to provide
physiological impact of girls maturing early
may have problems coping with stresses and social situations increased risks: depression, substance use, early sexual activity
physiological impact of boys maturing late
may not be as competitive in sports and leadership in high school may focus on school and may gain coping skills few long term risks
The Seattle Longitudinal Study is notable for its findings that declines in mental abilities typically did not begin until people were in
middle age
Carla has gone to hear speakers from several different political organizations and she is trying to decide what she believes in and which political views fit her own values. Carla is in identity _________.
moratorium
Ruben interviewed his family dentist and has been shadowed an orthodontist. He hasn't ruled out med school and becoming an ear, nose, and throat doctor. He has eliminated several related fields in health care and is still trying to decide on his career preferences. Ruben is in identity _________.
moratorium
Research studies have shown that people who select a partner for a permanent relationship during the height of infatuation are
more likely to divorce
Howard Gardner's theory includes 9 different types of intelligence. It is a theory of ____________ intelligence.
multidimensional
intelligence in adulthood is characterized by
multidimensionality multidirectionality individual variability plasticity
STD statistic:
nearly 20 million new STIs occur every year in this country, half of those among young people aged 15-24.
Jeffrey Arnett proposed emerging adulthood
no longer an adolescent but not yet an adult *18 -40 (or late twenties)
Preconventional Level stage 1
obedience and punishment: behavior driven by avoiding punishment
BMI > 95th percentile
obese (17%)
It is paradoxical that many adolescents who engage in very high risk behaviors tend to ____ the likelihood of harm associated with those actions.
overestimate
Tanya's BMI puts her at the 88th* percentile. This means that Tanya would be considered
overweight
BMI > 85th percentile
overweight (16%)
influence on identity formation
parents, peers, broader social context, and personality (agreeability, openness to experience)
In romantic relationships the first stage is often _____, and it usually declines as time goes on.
passion
Sternberg's theory of love (triangular)
passion intimacy commitment
If Sarah and Roger are experiencing romantic love, their relationship includes
passion and intimacy
A consummate (or complete) love relationship will have equivalent amounts of
passion, intimacy, and commitment
Support of Kohlberg's theory
people progress through the stages in order without skipping any people advance in stage with age
depression symptoms
pervasive sadness, irritability, and low self-esteem *more common in girls *affects 5-15% of adolescents
Primary sex characteristics
physical changes directly linked to reproductive ability
secondary sex characteristics
physical changes that signal sexual maturation
During adolescence, the limbic system has a heightened response to
pleasurable activities
Landry thinks it's wrong to take home food from an all-you-can-eat buffet, but when his 85-year-old grandfather wraps up rolls and a piece of chicken and puts them in his pocket, Landry decides it's all right. Landry seems to be using
postformal thought
stage 1-3 of reflective judgment
pre-reflective thought - no recognition of knowledge being uncertain
Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning
preconventional level conventional level postconventional level
education
predicts a healthy lifestyle and avoiding certain diseases
socioeconomic status
predicts whether or not people have good insurance and health care poor inner-city neighborhoods have the worst health conditions
factors of attraction
proximity, similarity, self-disclosure
postconventional level
reasoning is based on a personal (internal) moral code
The prefrontal cortex is responsible for three of the following behaviors. Which is NOT an activity associated with the prefrontal cortex?
reflex reactions
adolescent-limited antisocial behavior
relatively minor criminal acts during adolescence *fake id, underage drinking
Synaptic pruning was compared to
removing dead or weak branches on a rose bush
What is Mere Exposure Effect?
repeated exposure to a stimulus tends to make that stimulus more desirable
rites of passage
rituals marking initiation into adulthood
It was recommended that girls who go through puberty early should be
screened for depression
For young people, suicide is the ____ leading cause of death.
second
At first, Jarrod hated having chemistry lab at 8 am but there were no other sections available and he needed the class to graduate on time. He decided that he would change his attitude and look at waking up early as an advantage instead of something to be dreaded. Jarrod was using
secondary control beliefs
According to the study's lead author Jane Mendle, "We know that people treat girls who look very physically mature different from girls who do not look physically mature . . ." (para. 5). The more mature appearance would be due to
secondary sex characteristics
The most common type of attachment found in romantic couples around the world is ______
secure
success/identity
sense of stability, self confidence
______________ is at its peak in the early 20s
sensory activity
intimacy
sharing all thoughts/actions with other
homogamy
sharing similar values and interests increases the likelihood of the marriage lasting
Darla is aggravated when her sociology professor says one thing and her psychology professor says the opposite. She decides that they are both right because no one knows the true answer. What is true of Darla?
she believes knowledge is subjective
If Selena is typical of those in Emerging Adulthood, three of the following statements describe her. Which does NOT?
she is rather pessimistic about her future
According to Kail and Cavanaugh (2017), the biggest single contributor to health problems in the US is
smoking
Postconventional level stage 5
social contract: behavior driven by balance of social order and individual rights
most important social influences on health
socioeconomic status and education
two competing brain systems of risky behavior
socioemotional network and cognitive control network
Which of the following defines someone that would developed a dismissing-avoidant attachment?
someone that is uncomfortable with intimacy and does not fear rejection
Victor and his girlfriend Tosha are thinking about moving in together to "test the waters" of their relationship before getting married. "I think it will be good for us," Victor says, "so we can find out if we are good together before spending the time, effort, and money of getting married." What would be the best response to give Victor?
studies suggest that cohabiting before getting married is not necessarily associated with the quality of the subsequent marriage
Gray matter in the prefrontal cortex decreases during adolescence. Why is this seen as a positive change?
synaptic pruning removes unused synapses, fine-tuning the brain
A skill that is still undergoing significant development between mid-adolescence and adulthood is
taking another person's perspective
Imagine that you were asked to develop an effective program for preventing eating disorders in teens. Your program would
teach the importance of resisting social pressure to be thin
fluid intelligence
the abilities that make people flexible and adaptive thinkers, allow them to make inferences, and enable them to understand relations among concepts *includes inductive reasoning and abstract thinking
role of transitions
the act of assuming new responsibilities and duties
identity
the attitudes, behaviors, and values that make a person unique
personal control beliefs
the degree to which you believe your performance in a situation depends on something you do
Which statement describes brain changes that Blakemore links to adolescent behavior?
the limbic system is very responsive to rewards from fun and/or risky activities
Which of the following BEST encapsulates the majority of relationships between adolescents and their parents?
the relationships are warm, loving, and satisfying
Amygdala
the seat of emotions such as anger; this area develops quickly before other regions that help to control it
adolescence
the time period between childhood and adulthood
Research regarding Erikson's proposed relationship between identity and intimacy has shown that
there are multiple pathways to achieving identity and intimacy
corpus callosum
these nerve fibers connect the brain's two hemispheres; they thicken in adolescence to process info more effectively
prefrontal cortex
this "judgment" region reins in intense emotions but doesn't finish developing until at least age 20
You might be reluctant to ask someone if they are thinking about suicide. Research shows that
this is the right choice. it shows that you care and want to help
stage 6-7 of reflective judgment
true reflective judgment - knowledge is conducted with analysis of the problem and evidence; synthesis of several points of view
postconventional level stage 6
universal ethics: behavior driven by internal moral principles
The study showed that early menarche ____ later depression
was correlated with
commitment
willingness to stay with other through good times and bad
People typically have more friends during ____________ than at any other time of their lives.
young adulthood
_____ of teens try smoking cigs
~1/3
_____ of high school seniors report drinking alcohol in the past year
~2/3
nicotine vaping used by ____ of 12th graders
~21%