Psych 7 test 1 study guide

Which of the following phrases would NOT indicate that a researcher is making a causal claim? "curbs" "is at higher risk of" "seems to decrease" "suggests a change"

"is at higher risk of"

Naomi is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for her research methods project. To do this, she has elementary school students rate how popular each member of their class is. She then uses this information to rank the students on popularity (e.g., John is the most popular, Vanessa is the second-most popular). Which of the following best describes this variable? An interval scale of measurement An ordinal scale of measurement A categorical measurement A self-report measurement

An ordinal scale of measurement

Scientific journals and magazines are similar in which of the following ways? Both tend to publish peer-reviewed articles. Both are written for the general public. Both tend to be written by scientists. Both are trying to inform their readers.

Both are trying to inform their readers.

Which of the following is a limitation of Google Scholar compared to PsycINFO? Google Scholar does not provide PDF versions of articles. Google Scholar is not free to use. Google Scholar can only be accessed from certain computers. Google Scholar is not limited to just psychology and related fields.

Google Scholar is not limited to just psychology and related fields.

Stefan wants to make a causal claim in his dissertation. Which of the following is necessary? He must manipulate all of his variables. He must make a frequency claim first. He must measure all of his variables. He must conduct an experiment.

He must conduct an experiment.

All of the following are true of institutional review boards (IRBs) in the United States EXCEPT: IRBs are mandated by federal law. IRBs must have a psychologist as a member. IRBs must have at least five members. IRBs can be found in settings other than colleges and universities.

IRBs must have a psychologist as a member.

Why is plagiarism a violation of ethics? It violates an APA standard. It is akin to lying. It violates a Belmont principle. It makes psychology researchers look bad.

It violates an APA standard.

According to the Belmont Report, which of the following groups of people is entitled to special protection? People with developmental disabilities Refugees Women Members of minority religious groups

People with developmental disabilities

Which of the following is a limitation of PsycINFO compared to Google Scholar? PsycINFO does not allow you to search particular fields. PsycINFO is not limited to just psychology and related fields. PsycINFO is not free to use. PsycINFO does not provide PDF versions of articles.

PsycINFO is not free to use.

How would you adopt the mindset of a scientific reasoner? Reminding yourself that because you know about potential biases, you cannot fall prey to them Finding evidence that confirms your hypotheses Remaining objective as you interpret scientific data Using common sense to understand scientific data

Remaining objective as you interpret scientific data

Which of the following is a benefit of the peer-review process? Non-significant results are not considered for publication to ensure interesting research. The journal editor provides input on study design to ensure rigorous scientific methods. Reviewers' names are kept anonymous so they can be open in their critiques of an article. Reviewers' names are made public so they can defend their critiques of an article.

Reviewers' names are kept anonymous so they can be open in their critiques of an article.

In considering whether research is ethical, which of the following are balanced against each other? Importance of the research versus financial cost to conduct the study Inconvenience to participants versus benefit to the researcher Time investment of the study versus complexity of the study Risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained

Risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained

Which of the following is true of variables? Variables only need conceptual definitions. All variables can be manipulated. Some variables can be either manipulated or measured. Variables are the same as constants.

Some variables can be either manipulated or measured.

Which aspect of the peer-review cycle allows for the greatest amount of honesty in reviews? The anonymity of the peer reviewers The frequency of publication The number of peer reviewers The possibility of rejection

The anonymity of the peer reviewers

Nadia submits her article to a scientific journal for publication. Who makes the final decision on whether her article is published in that scientific journal? The editor of the journal A panel of experts The publisher of the journal Nadia, the author of the article

The editor of the journal

The issue of obtaining informed consent deals with which of the following principles of the Belmont Report? The principle of respect for persons The principle of integrity The principle of justice The principle of beneficence

The principle of respect for persons

Why is it important to adopt the mindset of a scientific reasoner? To avoid falling into the pitfalls of personal biases To identify the most intuitive explanations To be able to sway people with a good story To know what evidence people like best

To avoid falling into the pitfalls of personal biases

Which of the following is a problem presented by the availability heuristic? It keeps us from examining our own experience. We rely on the opinions of others rather than on our own opinions. We will never be right in our conclusions. We do not examine all of the evidence, only what we can quickly think of.

We do not examine all of the evidence, only what we can quickly think of.

A Type I error is known as which of the following? a near miss a false positive a false negative a missed opportunity

a false positive

Diego is interested in examining the relationship between a person's attachment style and his or her relationship satisfaction. He finds 65 studies that have examined this topic. He combines the results of all these studies and calculates an effect size. His research is most accurately described as: a PsycWiki. a meta-analysis. a chapter in an edited book. a review journal article.

a meta-analysis.

If a measurement looks like it is a plausible operationalization of a conceptual variable, then it has: subjectivity. credibility. interrater reliability. face validity.

face validity.

Advice that is based on _____________ is most likely to be correct. intuition research personal experience authority's conclusions

research

You read research that found that first-born children tend to have higher IQs than their siblings. However, you typically earn higher grades than your older brother. Scientists might explain this discrepancy by saying that: you have cherry-picked information to support your conclusion. q your intuition is better than research. you have fallen prey to your blind spot bias.

research is probabilistic.

Salma conducts a study and finds that her data do not completely support her theory. Which of the following statements should she avoid saying? "My data are inconsistent with my theory." "I may need to collect more data." "My theory needs amending." "My data disprove my theory."

"My data disprove my theory."

Which of the following is NOT possible? A measure is both valid and reliable. A measure is neither reliable nor valid. A measure is valid but not reliable. A measure is reliable but not valid.

A measure is reliable but not valid.

When using correlation coefficients to evaluate reliability, which of the following is undesirable? A negative correlation coefficient A correlation coefficient close to 1 It depends on the type of reliability being evaluated. A strong correlation coefficient

A negative correlation coefficient

Which of the following has been used as a defense of animal research by animal researchers? Animal research is less likely to result in physical harm to the subject compared to human research. Animal research requires less research funding than human research. Animal research has not had the same types of scandals that human research has had (e.g., the Tuskegee Study). Animal research has resulted in many benefits to both animals and humans.

Animal research has resulted in many benefits to both animals and humans.

Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person; they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. Sasha would likely draw a different conclusion if she did which of the following? Considered all the times she was nice to her enemies Counted up all the times she was nice in the past Asked all her friends the same question again in another six months Asked her enemies if she was a nice person

Asked her enemies if she was a nice person

Which of the following is true of the difference between basic and applied research? Applied research is more important than basic research. Basic and applied research have different goals. Basic research is more difficult to conduct than applied research. Applied research is done by consumers of research.

Basic and applied research have different goals.

In looking at a scatterplot of interrater reliability, why would a researcher want to see all the dots close to the line of agreement? Because it indicates a positive relationship Because it indicates that the researcher's two research assistants/raters are making similar measurements Because it indicates that the researcher's measurement will also have high test-retest reliability Because it indicates that the researcher's measurement is valid

Because it indicates that the researcher's two research assistants/raters are making similar measurements

Why are convergent and discriminant validity often evaluated together? Both terms mean the same thing. Both involve collecting information from a lot of psychological measures of theoretical interest. Both require the use of scatterplots. Both have to be determined by a panel of experts.

Both involve collecting information from a lot of psychological measures of theoretical interest.

In which of the following ways are content and face validity similar? Both involve subjective judgments. Both involve asking participants for their opinions about the measurement. Both are preferred by psychologists as ideal measures of validity. Both are very difficult to establish.

Both involve subjective judgments.

What is the difference between data that is collected anonymously and data that is collected confidentially? Anonymous research and confidential research are the same thing. Confidential research collects participants' names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants' names. Confidential research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); anonymous research collects nonsensitive information about participants. Anonymous research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); confidential research collects nonsensitive information about participants.

Confidential research collects participants' names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants' names.

If you are interested in reading an overview of peer-reviewed scientific research within a specific area, which of the following reading sources would you choose? An expert's dissertation Popular magazines Scientific journals Edited books

Edited books

___________ is the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory. Empiricism Application Falsifiability Theorizing

Empiricism

Tim tells you that the best way to make friends is by opening the conversation with a joke. He can easily recall all the friends he met by telling a joke and also the times he opened with chitchat and didn't befriend the person. If you were concerned that Tim was making the blind spot bias, what would you ask him? Do you think the times you made friends by telling jokes might come more easily to mind? What about the times you opened with a joke and didn't become friends with the person? Have you tested this conclusion systematically? Did you go into conversations where you opened with jokes thinking that you would make friends?

Have you tested this conclusion systematically?

Which of the following is a reason why it is important to be an effective producer of research? It is important to know how to interpret the results and graphs of your study. It is important to be able to synthesize previous research findings. It is important to understand whether the information you read is accurate. It is important to know how to write in APA style.

It is important to know how to interpret the results and graphs of your study.

Which of the following is true of the Belmont Report? It was replaced by the APA guidelines. It was written at the request of the U.S. Congress. It was written primarily in response to medical experiments performed in Nazi-occupied Europe. It was written primarily in response to the Milgram obedience studies.

It was written at the request of the U.S. Congress.

Which of the following is NOT an example of physiological measurement? Measurements of hormones in the bloodstream A brain scan made using an fMRI Blood pressure measurements Number of panic attacks a patient reports

Number of panic attacks a patient reports

For his research methods class, Felipe plans to watch how students treat other children in their classrooms who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). He will evaluate how positively or negatively the children are treated by their classmates. This is an example of what type of measurement? Physiological measurement Self-report measurement Archival measurement Observational measurement

Observational measurement

In considering whether research is ethical, which of the following are balanced against each other? Risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained Importance of the research versus financial cost to conduct the study Inconvenience to participants versus benefit to the researcher Time investment of the study versus complexity of the study

Risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained

Which of the following is true of students' views of deception and harm in research studies? Students are not tolerant of any degree of deception. Students can find deception to be stressful. Students usually are tolerant of studies that use major deception. Students find the negative effects of deception to be worsened by debriefing.

Students can find deception to be stressful.

RESEARCH STUDY 1.1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated.After Susan collects and analyzes her data, which of the following is the next logical step? Susan ignores the data that did not fit the theory. Susan alters or amends the theory to fit her data. Susan writes a paper challenging Self-Determination Theory because only some of her data supported it. Susan recalculates her data to fit the theory.

Susan alters or amends the theory to fit her data.

Hannah just finished reading an empirical journal article for a class project. What information might she get out of reading the references section of her article? The name of an article that researched a similar topic A list of the measures used in the study An explanation of the statistical tests used An idea for a future study

The name of an article that researched a similar topic

Hannah just finished reading an empirical journal article for a class project. What information might she get out of reading the references section of her article? The name of an article that researched a similar topic An explanation of the statistical tests used An idea for a future study A list of the measures used in the study

The name of an article that researched a similar topic

Which of the following is true of operational definitions? The specification of operational definitions is one of the creative aspects of the research process. Operational definitions and conceptual definitions are the same thing. There is only one operational definition that is possible for each conceptual definition. Conceptual definitions are created after operational definitions are determined.

The specification of operational definitions is one of the creative aspects of the research process.

RESEARCH STUDY 1.1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated.Susan's hypothesis was not completely supported by her data. What does this mean? Susan must have analyzed the data incorrectly. The theory is completely wrong. The theory may need to be amended. Susan must have collected the data incorrectly.

The theory may need to be amended.

Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a quantitative way to operationalize problem-solving ability? The report of a teacher about whether a student is a good or bad problem solver The time spent solving a math problem Whether participants used insight or trial-and-error techniques to solve the problem The type of puzzle solved (Sudoku puzzle or a crossword puzzle)

The time spent solving a math problem

Why might a researcher debrief his participants even if his study didn't include any deceptive elements? To prevent participants from having negative experiences during the study To ensure that his participants had a good research experience Because APA guidelines require debriefing in all studies regardless of deception To decrease the likelihood of data falsification

To ensure that his participants had a good research experience

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete.If Dr. Sheffield's measure does not actually measure pathological gambling, his measure is said to lack which of the following? Operationalization Reliability Validity Conceptualization

Validity

Which of the following statements is an operational definition of "fear of snakes" that could be assessed as a structured question? measuring heart rate following exposure to snakes asking the question "When was the last time you saw a snake?" assigning the participant to keep a "daily fear diary" in which they track their fear level asking, "On a scale of 1 to 10, how afraid of snakes are you?"

asking, "On a scale of 1 to 10, how afraid of snakes are you?"

Research that is done specifically to add to our general understanding of psychology, like distinguishing the components of extraversion or predicting the time it takes a person to determine whether an object is a face or another object, is known as: translational research. empirical research. basic research. applied research.

basic research.

RESEARCH STUDY 3.2: Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse."Which type of claim is Dr. Ramon making? anecdotal claim association claim frequency claim causal claim

causal claim

RESEARCH STUDY 1.2: Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid.In this study, "depressed individuals will have higher estrogen levels" was the _____. theory hypothesis data research question

hypothesis

When examining the statistical validity of a frequency claim, one should look for the: statistical significance. length of the measurement. strength of the association. margin of error estimate.

margin of error estimate.

An educational psychologist is testing the discriminant validity of a new measure of numerical learning difficulties. He gives his measure to a group of students along with another measure of verbal learning difficulties, which he predicts should not be strongly related to numerical learning difficulties. Which of the following correlations would the psychologist hope to find in order to establish discriminant validity? r = 1.0 r = −0.18 r = 0.83 r = −1.0

r = −0.18

Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow him to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is he prioritizing? the internal validity of the study the statistical validity of the study the external validity of the study the construct validity of the study

the external validity of the study

The principle of justice calls for a balance between and . costs to the participant; benefits to the participant the interests of the researcher; the interests of the institutional review board (IRB) needing to deceive participants; needing to obtain informed consent the kind of people who participate in research; the kind of people who benefit from it

the kind of people who participate in research; the kind of people who benefit from it

RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?"Clarissa's concern is addressing which of the following? the study's statistical validity the study's external validity the study's internal validity the study's construct validity

the study's construct validity

According to the text, the bridge between basic and applied research is known as: practical research. compound research. translational research. empirical research.

translational research.

Dr. Hoda measures job satisfaction and number of years of education. In examining her scatterplot, she sees the cloud of points has no slope. This indicates which type of relationship? zero association positive association causal association negative association

zero association

Which of the following is NOT an example of coercion? A researcher offering homeless participants $1,000 to participate in a study A researcher hinting to participants that their employer will be told if they do not participate A researcher offering three points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study A researcher telling participants that he will be fired if he is unable to recruit at least 50 participants

A researcher offering three points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study

You read a news article titled, "New Drug Reduces OCD Symptoms in Mice" about a recent scientific study. To evaluate whether the title's claim is supported, you should do which of the following? Ensure that the authors attempted to maximize Type II error. Ask yourself whether the implication makes intuitive sense. Check whether the authors established covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity. Research the frequency of OCD in mice.

Check whether the authors established covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity.

A correlation-based statistic called _____________ is commonly used to determine internal reliability. a scatterplot kappa Pearson's r Cronbach's alpha

Cronbach's alpha

Which types of reliability can be analyzed with scatterplots? Internal reliability and test-retest reliability All types of reliability Interrater reliability and test-retest reliability Internal reliability and interrater reliability

Interrater reliability and test-retest reliability

Looking for which of the following in a trade book will give you a hint as to its scientific rigor? The cost of the book The number of references The number of pages The number of authors

The number of references

RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?"Manish's concern is addressing which of the following? the study's construct validity the study's external validity the study's statistical validity the study's internal validity

the study's statistical validity

RESEARCH STUDY 3.5: Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment.In this study, the article's headline is ________ because ________. unjustified; it is impossible to manipulate sexism justified; the findings are significant unjustified; the researcher did not study all groups of individuals who are sexist or racist justified; the researchers manipulated sexism

unjustified; the researcher did not study all groups of individuals who are sexist or racist

Which of the following studies would probably require written informed consent? A confidential study examining income level and voting behavior An anonymous survey asking whether students want a coffeehouse opened in the library An observational study that measures walking speed of people entering and exiting buildings An anonymous study that measures the relationship between time spent grocery shopping and money spent on groceries

A confidential study examining income level and voting behavior

You submit a study for approval by the institutional review board (IRB), and they tell you that written informed consent is required. Which of the following can be excluded from your informed consent document? A list of procedures A description of the study's hypotheses A statement of benefits A statement of risks

A description of the study's hypotheses

Which of the following is NOT a reason that psychologists might fabricate or falsify their data? Research success has implications for promotion within their department. They are convinced of the correctness of their own hypotheses. A journal might require it. They feel pressure to publish findings.

A journal might require it.

Which of the following is an example of translational research? A clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of art therapy in decreasing symptoms of ADHD A cognitive psychologist who examines people's ability to distinguish between colors based on light exposure An industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job satisfaction A sports psychologist who uses information on how we emotionally process victory to design an intervention for improving mental stamina during athletic performance

A sports psychologist who uses information on how we emotionally process victory to design an intervention for improving mental stamina during athletic performanc

Which of the following is NOT a section or subsection commonly found in an empirical journal article? Participants Abstract Outcomes Procedure

outcomes

Occam's razor states that the simplest solution is the best, all things being equal. This speaks to a theory's: theorizing. falsifiability. empiricism. parsimony.

parsimony.

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B.Dr. Kang sends his study to a journal to be published. One of the peer reviewers questions the way Dr. Kang manipulated emotion, arguing that being exposed to emotional words does not make one emotional. The reviewer is questioning which of the following? the statistical validity of the study the construct validity of the study the internal validity of the study the external validity of the study

the construct validity of the study

When conducting animal research, which guideline states that alternatives to animal research should be considered? Recycling Refinement Reduction Replacement

Replacement

Angela reads about a study in which cell phone use is associated with migraine headaches. She says, "Well, that study is not valid because I use a cell phone more than anyone I know and I never get migraines." Based on her comment, Angela may be forgetting which of the following? Science is based on empiricism. The study has been replicated. The study did not properly define cell phone use. Science is probabilistic.

Science is probabilistic.

Which of the following is a difference between a debriefing session following a study with deception compared to a debriefing session following a study without deception? A deception study debriefing must last at least 30 minutes. A deception study debriefing must be done with each participant individually. A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness. A deception study debriefing must have a member of the institutional review board (IRB) present.

A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness.

RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?"Quinn's concern is addressing which of the following? the study's construct validity the study's internal validity the study's external validity the study's statistical validity

the study's external validity

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music.In this study, the authors were interested in participants' board game performance. Which of the following would be a reasonable operational definition of performance? an earnest attempt to finish quickly performance when playing a board game which board game participants chose to play whether participants won against a partner

whether participants won against a partner

RESEARCH STUDY 5.1: Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special."Dr. Rodriquez decides to test the internal reliability of her measure. Which of the following results would make her happy? α = −0.98 α = 0.95 α = 0.10 α = −0.03

α = 0.95

The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report? The principle of integrity The principle of justice The principle of respect for persons The principle of beneficence

The principle of beneficence

RESEARCH STUDY 2.1: Charlotte is studying subliminal messages and weight loss. She is curious whether people will lose more weight if they hear subliminal messages that encourage weight loss ("don't eat that food," "you want to be thin," etc.) in the music on their iPods compared to people who do not have subliminal messages in their music. She studies 40 people and finds the following results: Number WhoLost WeightNumber Who DidNot Lose WeightExposed to Subliminal Messages(Cell A) 15 people(Cell C) 5 peopleNot Exposed to Subliminal Messages(Cell B) 10 people(Cell D) 10 people A change to which of the following cells will result in a different interpretation of the results of subliminal messages? A change in Cell B only will result in a different interpretation. A change in Cell D only will result in a different interpretation. A change in Cell C only will result in a different interpretation. A change in any cell will result in a different interpretation.

A change in any cell will result in a different interpretation.

Todd is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for his research methods project. He decides to measure popularity by asking each elementary school student to tell him how many friends he or she has. He assumes that more friends means the student is more popular. Which of the following best describes this variable? A ratio scale of measurement A qualitative variable A categorical variable An other-report measure

A ratio scale of measurement

that is collected confidentially? Confidential research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); anonymous research collects nonsensitive information about participants. Anonymous research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); confidential research collects nonsensitive information about participants. Confidential research collects participants' names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants' names. Anonymous research and confidential research are the same thing.

Confidential research collects participants' names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants' names.

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.Dr. Kushner plans to tell his participants that the reason he is waking them up during the night is to recalibrate the EEG machine. This would be an example of which of the following? Deception through exception Deception through commission Deception through permission Deception through omission

Deception through commission

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B.Which of the following makes Dr. Kang's study an experiment? Dr. Kang used a distractor task. The study was conducted by a professor. Dr. Kang manipulated one variable and measured another. The study was conducted at a university.

Dr. Kang manipulated one variable and measured another.

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete.To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and another group in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on his new measure than people in the AA group. Why did Dr. Sheffield do this? To obtain evidence for convergent validity To obtain evidence for criterion validity To obtain evidence for face validity To obtain evidence for content validity

To obtain evidence for criterion validity

Which of the following is NOT a suitable reason for using debriefing in a study? It prevents researchers from being sued. It allows researchers to make research an educational experience. It informs participants about the presence and purpose of deception in a study. It gives participants insight into the nature of psychological science.

It prevents researchers from being sued.

RESEARCH STUDY 2.1: Charlotte is studying subliminal messages and weight loss. She is curious whether people will lose more weight if they hear subliminal messages that encourage weight loss ("don't eat that food," "you want to be thin," etc.) in the music on their iPods compared to people who do not have subliminal messages in their music. She studies 40 people and finds the following results: Number WhoLost WeightNumber Who DidNot Lose WeightExposed to Subliminal Messages(Cell A) 15 people(Cell C) 5 peopleNot Exposed to Subliminal Messages(Cell B) 10 people(Cell D) 10 people To understand whether the subliminal messages have an effect, Charlotte needs to consider which of the following cells in the chart? Only Cell A She must consider all of the cells. Only Cell C Only Cell B

She must consider all of the cells.

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.Dr. Kushner's decision about the type of participants to recruit should be informed by which of the following principles of the Belmont Report? The principle of beneficence The principle of justice The principle of respect for persons The principle of integrity

The principle of justice

RESEARCH STUDY 5.1: Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special."Dr. Rodriquez calculates a correlation coefficient (r) to examine the relationship between Question 1 and Question 2 and between Question 1 and Question 3. She finds a correlation coefficient of r = −0.73 between Questions 1 and 2 and a correlation coefficient of r = 0.74 between Questions 1 and 3. Which of the following is true of her findings? There appears to be good internal reliability in the scale. The correlation between Questions 1 and 2 is much weaker than between Questions 1 and 3. The correlation between Questions 1 and 2 and Questions 1 and 3 are in the same direction. The negative correlation between Questions 1 and 2 is bad for Dr. Rodriquez.

There appears to be good internal reliability in the scale.

Ethical decision making done by researchers can change in response to all of the following EXCEPT: the possibility of additional grant funding. changing social norms. scientific discoveries. bad experiences of other researchers.

the possibility of additional grant funding.

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.Imagine that Dr. Kushner is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. Why is this choice potentially problematic? Prisoners are unable to give informed consent. More prisoners may want to participate than Dr. Kushner can actually study. According to the Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection. Prisoners do not make good participants since they may not tell the truth.

According to the Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection.

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete.Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to his supervisor, who is also an expert in pathological gambling. His supervisor says that his measure appears to test all the components of pathological gambling, including feeling restless when attempting to stop gambling, jeopardizing jobs in order to keep gambling, and using gambling to escape from problems and a bad mood. Given this information, Dr. Sheffield's measure has evidence of which of the following? Criterion validity Predictive validity Discriminant validity Content validity

Content validity

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete.Dr. Sheffield has decided to test the discriminant validity of his new measure. He has a group of first-time Gamblers Anonymous (GA) attendants complete his measure and finds that they score higher than a group of people who do not attend the group. Which of the following results would provide evidence for discriminant validity? He finds that more recent GA joiners score higher than veteran GA attendees, who are more recovered. He finds that the measure of gambling is not correlated with a measure of life satisfaction in the same two groups of people. He finds that the measure he used is also associated with people's past diagnoses of pathological gambling. He finds that the GA attendees score higher on his measure than the non-GA attendees.

He finds that the measure of gambling is not correlated with a measure of life satisfaction in the same two groups of people.

RESEARCH STUDY 5.1: Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special."Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Rodriquez analyzes the data she gets from her students. She looks at the relationship between each of the individual questions. She sees that participants who agree with Question 1 also agree with Question 3 and disagree with Question 2. This is a test of which of the following? Construct reliability Test-retest reliability Internal reliability Interrater reliability

Internal reliability

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete.Dr. Sheffield wants to establish the discriminant validity of his pathological gambling measure. He gives his measure and three others to a group of 100 people. Which of the following provides the best evidence for discriminant validity? That his measure is strongly correlated with a measure of alcohol addiction That his measure is not strongly correlated with the number of friends people have That his measure is strongly correlated with a measure of self-esteem That his measure is not strongly correlated with a measure of impulsivity

That his measure is not strongly correlated with a measure of impulsivity

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.Dr. Kushner asks his participants to provide informed consent. Doing this is adhering to which principle of the Belmont Report? The principle of beneficence The principle of respect for persons The principle of integrity The principle of justice

The principle of respect for persons

RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?"Why should Anton NOT interrogate the internal validity of the study? because he has not taken statistics yet because the author of the study already did because the study's claim is an association claim because he is a student, not a researcher

because the study's claim is an association claim